Pronouns number in German. Relative pronouns. Personal reflexive and possessive pronouns

Pronouns (local) in German

As part of speech places. serves to replace a noun, proper name or adjective in a sentence without naming them.

There are 9 main groups of pronouns in German. This:

1. Personal places. (Personalpronomen) are:

• 1st person - ich (I), wir (we)
• 2nd person: du (you), ihr (you), Sie (polite form you)
• 3rd person: er (he), sie (she), es (it, it), sie (they)

Use of private spaces.:

Ich habe ein neues Buch gelesen. Es ist sehr interessant. – I have read a new book. She is very interesting.

Nächstes Mal müsst ihr um 8 Uhr kommen. - Next time you should come at eight o'clock.

Personal places. are declined according to cases, but in the genitive case they are used very rarely - only in those cases when it is required by the control of individual verbs or adjectives.

For example: würdig (worthy)

Du bist ihrer nicht würdig. You don't deserve her.

2. Possessive places. (Possessivpronomen) are derived from personal places. in the genitive case and answer the question “wessen?” (whose?):

ich (I) - mein (my)

du (you) - dein (your)

er (he) - sein (him)

sie (she) - ihr (her)

es (it) - sein (it)

wir (we) - unser (our)

ihr (you) - euer (your)

Sie (you) - Ihr (your)

sie (they) – ihr (them)

Possessive places. are placed before a noun and act as an article in a sentence. Thus, they are inclined in the same way as articles (in accordance with the gender, number and case of the noun).

For example: Das sind meine Schwestern. “These are my sisters.

Ich gebe meiner Schwester einen Kugelschreiber. I give my sister a pen.

Ich liebe meinen Mann. - I love my husband.

3. Return seats. (Reflexivpronomen) indicates the direction of action towards the subject. In German, reflexive places. sich is declined for persons, numbers and has two case forms - Dativ and Akkusativ (depending on the control of the verb).

For example: Ich kaufe mir ein neues Kleid. I am buying myself a new dress.

In third person places. sich does not change.

For example: Sie kauft sich ein neues Kleid. She is buying herself a new dress.

4. Signposts. (Demonstrativpronomen) answer the question “welche (-s, -r)?” - “what (what, what)?”.

To index places. relate:

diese (dieser, dieses) - this (this, this)

jene (jener, jenes) - that (that, that)

solche (solcher, solches) - such (such, such).

Pointing places. in a sentence they stand before a noun and are declined for numbers and cases like a definite article.

For example: Ich habe jenen Mann schon einmal gesehen. “I've seen that man once before.

Often in colloquial speech with singular nouns, the expression solch ein (such) is used. In this case, the first part does not change, but only the indefinite article ein is declined.

For example: Ich habe nie solch eine schöne Stadt gesehen! I have never seen such a beautiful city!

5. Interrogative places. (Interrogativpronomen) in German are: wer, was, welche (-r, -s), was für.

Places wer and was are not used in the plural and do not change by gender and have three case forms - Nominativ, Dativ and Akkusativ.

For example: Wem gibst du dieses Buch? Who are you giving this book to?

Was bist du (von Beruf)? - What is your profession?

Places welche changes in gender and in all cases as a definite article.

For example: Nach welchem ​​Land fährst du? - What country are you going to?

Welche Gruppe gefällt ihr? What group does she like?

6. Relative places. (Relativpronomen) are mainly used in complex sentences. Relative pronouns in German are: der (which), die (which), das (which), welche (which), die (which). Relative pronouns are declined according to cases and serve as allied words in a subordinate clause.

For example: Der Junge, den Sie getroffen haben, ist mir bekannt. “The young man you met is familiar to me.

7. Uncertain places. (Indefinitpronomen) , such as jemand (someone), etwas (something), man, alle (all), einige (some), wenige (some, some), serve as the subject or object in the sentence. Unlike other indefinite pronouns, man is not translated into Russian and is used in indefinite personal sentences. Places man does not change its form (same as etwas).

For example: Man sagt, sie kocht am besten. They say she cooks the best.

8. Impersonal places. es does not change and is used in the 3rd person singular. numbers in impersonal sentences. Most often, es is used to refer to weather and natural phenomena.

For example: Es schneit (it's snowing), es regnet (it's raining), es ist heiß (it's hot), etc.

9. To negative places. (Negativpronomen) include kein (none), niemand (no one), nichts (nothing). Places kein is inflected for gender, number, and case, and is only used with nouns.

For example: Ich habe keinen Freund. - I do not have a friend.

Places nichts, niemand are used only in the 3rd. face unit numbers do not change.

For example: Niemand versteht mich. - Nobody understands me.

Ich kann nichts finden. - I can't find anything.

Possessive pronouns answer the question "whose?" and denote belonging ( my answer; our work, etc.). As in Russian, all personal pronouns in German have corresponding possessives; they need to be remembered:

Note that ihr (Ihr) means both "ee" and "them" ("your").

In Russian, in addition to the listed possessive pronouns, there is one more possessive pronoun mine(own). It is "universal", i.e. can be used in place of any other possessive pronoun.

I visit their (=mine) parents every week. My friend often visits his (= his) parents. you visit his (=your) sick friend?

There is no such "universal" possessive pronoun in German. Therefore, the value "mine" in German conveyed by one of the above possessive pronouns, namely those which matches the person of the subject.

For example:

Ich besuche myine Eltern jede Woche. Mein Freund ( er) besucht seine Eltern oft. Besuchen Sie Ihren kranken Freund?

Task 1. Specify: a) in which of the following sentences does the Russian pronoun “own” correspond to the German ihr (Ihr):

1. She will finish her work in a month. 2. I haven't seen my sister for a long time. 3. Do you do your homework in the evening? 4. Oleg helps his family. 5. After college, friends will go to their native village.

b) what possessive pronouns should be used in other sentences.

Read more about possessive pronouns

Personal pronouns in German

Personal pronouns can be in a sentence not only the subject ( compare: Ich les Deutsch. Er sprichtgut.). They can also answer the questions “to whom?”, “who?”, i.e. be a supplement. Their forms must be remembered:

Task 2. Indicate which personal pronouns in German can be used instead of the highlighted ones, and how the meaning of the following sentences will change:

1. Geben Sie mir bitte dies Buch! 2. Ich sehe Sie oft in der Bibliothek.

Pay attention to the fact that in Russian there are personal pronouns of the 3rd person that answer the question “who?” ( him, ee, them) coincide with possessive ( him, ee, them).

I see his often ( whom? - "his" - personal pronoun ).

I see often his sister ( whose sister? - "his" - possessive pronoun ).

There is no such coincidence in German.

I see his often. - Ich sehe ihn oft.

I see often his sister. - Ich sehe seine Schwester oft.

Therefore the words "his", "ee", "them" in different functions correspond to different words of the German language:

him - whom? - ihn, whose? - sein
ee - whom? - sie, whose? - ihr
them - whom? - sie, whose? - ihr

Task 3. Indicate, when translating which sentences you need to use: a) the pronoun sie; b) pronoun ihr:

1. My sister Olga and her husband Nikolay live in Moscow. 2. I love her very much. 3. She has been working at the school for many years. 4. Their children - Misha and Tanya - are already big. 5. They have their own families. 6. Now I often see them.

Keys to tasks on the topic "Possessive and personal pronouns in German"

1. a) 1; 3; 5. b) mein; 4. sein.

2.1.ihm; ihr; uns; ihnen. 2. ihn; dich; sie; euch.

The class of relative (relative) pronouns (local) in German is represented by the pronouns der (its generic forms die, das and the plural form die) and welcher (respectively welche, welches, welche).

It should be noted that the places der is preferred and used much more often than welcher, as it is considered more harmonious and stylistically correct. Therefore, in this article we will focus on it.

Always start relative clauses (Relativsätze). Typically, such sentences are used to avoid lexical repetition. It is important to know what gender and number are relative places. determined by the gender and number of the noun in the main clause.

Mein neuer Kollege heist Peter. Er kommt aus München. → Mein neuer Kollege, der Peter heißt, kommt aus München.

Meine Tante hat kürzlich geheiratet. Sie fährt bald mit ihrem Mann ins Ausland. → Meine Tante, die kürzlich geheiratet hat, fährt bald mit ihrem Mann ins Ausland.

Er hat mir das Buch geschenkt. Ich habe es noch nicht gelesen. → Das Buch, das er mir geschenkt hat, habe ich noch nicht gelesen.

Die Kinder spielen draussen. Sie sind meine Neffen. → Die Kinder, die draussen spielen, sind meine Neffen.

Particular difficulty in refers. accessory places. represents the case of a relative pronoun. It depends on and is governed by the verb in the subordinate clause.

To begin with, consider the table of declination relates. pronouns. It is very similar to the declension of certain articles, the differences appear only in the Genitive case.

Die Eltern haben dem Sohn ein Fahrrad gekauft. Er hat von dem Fahrrad geträumt. → Die Eltern haben dem Sohn das Fahrrad gekauft, von dem er geträumt hat. (The verb träumen is used with the preposition von + Dativ, respectively, the relative place is after the preposition in the Dative case - von dem).

Ich habe mir gestern den Film angeschaut. Wir haben über ihn viel geredet. → Ich habe mir gestern den Film angeschaut, über den wir viel geredet haben. (the verb reden is used with the preposition über + Akkusativ, so the local form with the preposition is über den).

Bald kommen die Ferien . Meine Kinder freuen sich schon auf sie. → Bald kommen die Ferien, auf die sich meine Kinder schon freuen. (the reflexive verb sich freuen is used with the preposition auf + Akkusativ, so the construction auf sie is used in the subordinate clause).

Der Mann wandte sich an die Polizei. Sein Auto wurde gestohlen. → Der Mann, dessen Auto gestohlen wurde, wandte sich an die Polizei. (possessive local sein in the relative clause corresponds to the Genitive form dessen).

However, in some cases, places are preferable. welcher - it helps to avoid lexical repetitions:

Mein Kollege, der der schwierigen finanziellen Lage nicht gewachsen war, hat sich umgebracht. → Mein Kollege, welcher der schwierigen finanziellen Lage nicht gewachsen war, hat sich umgebracht.

In general, both options are possible (it cannot be said that one of them is wrong), but from the point of view of the so-called. beautiful German (schönes Deutsch) sounds better from the field. Welcher.

Die Frau, der der Wagen gehört, ist weggegangen. → Die Frau, welcher der Wagen gehört, ist weggegangen.

Das Kind, das das Waschmittel zufällig geschluckt hat, wurde zum Krankenhaus gebracht. → Das Kind, welches das Waschmittel zufällig geschluckt hat, wurde zum Krankenhaus gebracht.

Meine Freunde, die die Kinder haben, können sich keinen Urlaub im Ausland leisten. → Meine Freunde, welche die Kinder haben, können sich keinen Urlaub im Ausland leisten.

When using the case forms of this place. pay attention to the genitive case - as such it is not. In the Genitive case, the forms of the pronoun der are used.

Meaning pronouns in German very large. Often they can be replaced by a noun, adjective, numeral, article. In a sentence, a pronoun can be the subject. With the help of pronouns, interrogative or impersonal sentences, denials are composed. This topic is quite extensive and requires in-depth study. master pronouns in German table will help.

Personal pronouns in German

Personal pronomen

_________
* Sie - polite form you

Declension of personal pronouns

For example:

Ich warte auf dich. I'm waiting for you.
Ich (I) - nominative case.
Dich (you) is the accusative case of the pronoun du (you).

Ihm gefällt Deutschland. He likes Germany.
Ihm (him) is the dative case of the pronoun er (he).

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronoun in German is nothing more than the genitive case (Genetiv) of personal pronouns. It is formed as follows:

For example:

Ich liebe deine Schwester. I love your sister.
Ich is a personal pronoun.
Deine is a possessive pronoun.

Indefinite pronouns in German

Indefinite pronouns include such pronouns as: jemand, etwas, einer, mancher, alles, irgendein and others. This group also includes the indefinite personal pronoun man. In a sentence, they act as the subject or object (everything except man, which is only the subject).

For example:

Alles ist in Ordnung. Everything is fine.
Sie muss etwas undern. She must change something.
Man kann dieses Fahrrad reparieren. This bike can be fixed.

Relative pronouns in German

Performing the function of a union word, relative pronouns are used in complex sentences.

Das ist die Frau, deren Auto vor dem Haus steht. This is a woman whose car is parked in front of the house. This is a woman whose car is parked in front of the house.

Relative pronouns include: wer, was, welcher, der. The pronouns der, das, die are formed as follows:

Demonstrative pronouns in German

In a German sentence, demonstrative pronouns most often act as a definition, however, in some cases, they can take on the role of a subject or an object. The majority of demonstrative pronouns are declined in the same way as the definite article.

Demonstrative pronouns in German include:
Dieser(this), der(that), jener(that), Solcher(such), derselbe(the same), selbst(himself), etc.

For example:

Dieses Buch macht mir spas. This book gives me pleasure.
Dieses (this) - demonstrative pronoun, cf.r., im.p.
Mir (to me) - personal pronoun, dat.pad. from ich.

The topic "Pronouns in German" is very extensive. In this article, we have considered only some of the most basic types of pronouns and how to decline them.

sich myself

Indefinite pronouns (Indefinitpronomen)

Indefinite personal pronouns

man
Man sag...= They say...

Negative Pronouns (Verneinende Pronomen)

Impersonal pronoun (das unpersönliche Pronomen)

Es regent. It's raining.
Wie geht es dir? How are you?
Es ist Kalt. Coldly.
Es Gibt … There is...

Personal reflexive and possessive pronouns

Personal pronouns (Personalpronomen)

Reflexive pronouns (Reflexivpronomen)

Possessive pronouns (Possessivpronomen)

Wessen? Whose? Whose? Whose?

Demonstrative interrogative and relative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns (Demonstrativpronomen)

Interrogative pronouns (Interrogativpronomen)

Relative pronouns (Relativpronomen)