Sometimes it happens that you need to start installing the roof, and as luck would have it, winter has suddenly come. Of course, there are such cases in life: they did not correctly calculate the duration of a construction project; the cold came earlier than predicted; untimely adoption of design decisions; an exceptional need for the construction of any structure.
And if a few decades ago, construction work stopped with the onset of cold weather, then the properties of modern roofing materials allow to carry out installation of a roof even at -10-15 °C. It is only necessary to take into account that winter period time frame for execution roofing works, can be "corrected" by weather conditions. Snow, wind, a strong drop in temperature cannot contribute to the rapid progress of roofing work. In addition, under adverse weather conditions, it is much more difficult for people to work. Specialists, no matter how hardy they are, must periodically interrupt their work to keep warm, and daylight hours are much shorter in winter than in summer.
In addition, it will be necessary not only to wait out the bad weather, but also to eliminate its consequences: clear the place of work from snow, make sure that the snow does not lie on the insulating layer, otherwise the isomaterial will lose its qualities due to compaction under the influence of moisture. Often there will be a need to clear the corresponding areas of the roof from ice, icicles, and so on.
Before working with roofing materials, laying them on the rafters, it is necessary to dry them (rafters) and, following the installation technology, heat them up. Any roofing materials should be stored in a warm warehouse, and they should be fed upstairs in small batches.
In order to somehow protect yourself from unnecessary waste of time, and also not to overpay builders for downtime, you should take care to create a single protective awning that would cover the structure under construction from the harsh winter vagaries of the weather. The only but: not always the installation of an awning over the entire building area is a feasible task. You can, of course, make a canopy that will hide only some part of it from precipitation. roof structure, but this will only briefly postpone the need for preparatory roofing work related to the elimination of the effects of bad weather.
Materials with which it is preferable to work when installing roofs in winter
So, we found out that it is desirable to organize an awning over the entire building area. It may not be cheap at all. That is why many give up the dubious advantage of building a house earlier, and postpone the construction of a roof structure until the official building season.
If, nevertheless, the need for roofing is urgent, and carrying out these works is relevant, you will have to follow some tips for organizing roofing work in winter. And the first of them is to use products with which you can work at low temperatures. Information about temperature regime, at which installation can be carried out, you will find in the instructions for use of the roofing material, which you can ask the seller if it is not in the package.
Soft roofs
Roofing is extremely undesirable at significant low temperatures if you are going to use bitumen-based soft roofing materials. The lowest temperature mark for installation shingles is +5°С. In addition, she needs the sun's rays, under which the self-adhesive layer remains soft, in a "melted" state.
When the sun is not enough, which is obvious in winter, and the desire to have a roof made of flexible or soft tiles large, you must use a building hair dryer to heat the shingles. Its use will make it possible to make high-quality roofing work in places where it is necessary to make an inflection of the roofing material. The rest of the time, the products should be stored in a heated room, and not bent in the open air in order to prevent deformation in the places of inflection. Only then can the tight fit of the shingles to the crate, as well as the tightness of the layers, be ensured.
Metal roofs
The device of folded roofs is associated with the use of metal sheets. Work with zinc-titanium is possible only at a temperature of +5°C, otherwise the roofing material will break down and crack. Widely applied. And yet, their use is not desirable at a temperature if it has fallen below the mark of -10 ° C. Those who decide to apply metal roofs with a polymer layer must be ready for cracking and peeling of the polyester or plastisol layer. In this connection, the use of metal tiles with these coatings is not recommended.
But if you decide to use roofing copper for the roof, then even frost, which has dropped to -15 ° C, copper still will not lose its qualities. And do not forget that metal roofs usually have a large sheet area, which increases their windage and makes working with them in windy weather extremely life-threatening for installers.
During the preparatory and auxiliary work, various mastics, adhesives, antiseptics and other materials are used, which are made on water based. At low temperatures, their use becomes impossible. But you can always find a recommended analogue with which you can work in the winter. This becomes possible thanks to the manufacturing technology of these materials, which provides for the introduction of various plasticizers and other special additives into the composition of paints, varnishes, glues and mastics, which increase the resistance of the roofing sheet to frost.
piece materials
Piece roofing materials can be laid at any temperature. However, it is worth remembering that when laying cement-sand, ceramic tiles, asbestos-cement sheets, flat tiles and prefabricated roofing panels must be laid on a substrate that has no gaps or crevices. And sealing work using mastics, putties and special solutions in the winter is not recommended. If sealing measures are implemented, then before starting installation, it is necessary to free the base from snow and ice.
Mineral wool or polystyrene material - best options choice of insulating layer. In winter, the roof is divided into sections and limited by watersheds. Work on the installation of thermal insulation is carried out at each site separately in the shortest possible time.
All materials are pre-prepared in a specially equipped workshop near the place of work. On the roof, only installation is carried out.
What do we do in winter if we can't start installation?
So, the winter season is not the time for the installation of a soft roof, and the use of rolled materials is also unacceptable. If you are determined to cover the roof with them, then wait until the start of the construction season. True, in winter you can implement measures to prepare for the installation of a soft roof - mount the base in the form of a system of rafters or solid wood flooring, lay layers of vapor barrier, as well as waterproofing. During these works, cover the products with roofing material or plastic wrap so that snow does not fall on them.
And, of course, in winter, you can freely install products using copper, natural tiles and metal tiles.
It happens that the construction of a house reaches the finish line in late autumn. I don’t feel like mothballing the construction site until spring and postponing the longed-for move to a new house ...
And then there is nothing left but to build at a time when the cold has already set in.
Mounting top design in winter it is possible, but it has its own characteristics.
The complexity of roofing work
Most traditional building materials crumble, break or bend poorly in frost, so preference should be given to modern ones.
They have good frost resistance, some are used at temperatures up to -55 degrees. But you need to handle them carefully.
Carrying out roofing work in winter is difficult for several reasons. One of the main ones is that due to weather conditions, this is a more time-consuming process.
An additional difficulty is the short daylight hours. Competent site lighting can be a worthy way out of this situation, but this increases costs.
As practice shows, it still takes more time to build a roof compared to the summer period.
And not just because the sun is setting over the horizon too quickly. Periodically, surface cleaning is required, as well as roofers' breaks for heating.
The installation of the roof should be interrupted during the period of precipitation. But even on rainy autumn days, sometimes you have to wait a week, or even more, for acceptable weather conditions.
The best option is equipment over the entire structure of the building - it will protect against precipitation and reduce time.
In any case, it is necessary to strictly observe the laying technology, which differs from the summer version.
At the same time, the cost of work and roofing materials decreases during the off-season, it is easier to find contractors, so building a roof in winter can turn out to be profitable.
Building materials are stored in a warm room or in temporary structures consisting of a frame, sheltered - greenhouses. In greenhouses, the temperature is maintained with the help of heaters or heat guns.
All preparatory work must be carried out in places protected from adverse weather - interior rooms. Raise the elements to the roof immediately before installation.
The construction of the truss system
As for - you can even say that in winter, their installation has a number of advantages.
Cold has a positive effect on the tree:
- bacteria and other pests die at low temperatures;
- in frosty dry air, the tree becomes less humid.
In severe frosts - more than -20 degrees - it is not recommended to install a wooden truss system, as the wood becomes too brittle, and it is likely to be damaged.
The risk is not justified: it is better to wait for an increase to -15 degrees, and continue the construction with the calm confidence that the performance of the roof frame will not be affected.
Moreover, in middle lane In Russia, bitter frosts usually do not last for months.
We should also not forget about safety precautions on an ice-crusted and therefore slippery roof.
Roofing cake installation
The roof area is divided into sections. Work is not carried out simultaneously on several sites - only on one.
The most important point is to ensure the protection of materials from snow by covering them with insulating films.
Waterproofing should be treated with particular responsibility: in order to avoid its swelling, in no case should snow be allowed to fall on the waterproof layer.
Experts advise using mineral wool with good hydrophobic qualities as a heater. Loose, as well as tiled, it is recommended to dry.
It is better to use with the bottom foil layer.
In the spring, with the first rains, it will become known whether roofing cake tightness test.
Metal tile flooring
Low temperatures are not terrible for this material. The quality of the roof from is not affected by the fact that it was laid in the cold season.
But for builders who are not too dexterous due to warm clothes, it can be dangerous strong wind- due to the large windage of the sheets.
The metal with polyurethane coating retains the greatest elasticity in the cold.
Installation of cement-sand and clay tiles
Traditionally considered the most the best coverage for the roof.
A small number of pores ensures its excellent frost resistance, this coating withstands many freeze-thaw cycles without loss of performance. Installation can be carried out in winter, although this is a very laborious process.
A lot of weight in some ways will even play into the hands - for example, it will not be torn off by the wind. And the relatively small size does not pose such a danger to installers, as when laying large sheets of metal tiles.
The device of a roof from a flexible tile
choose based on the indicator of flexibility on the beam, this value is indicated in the technical specifications.
The key to waterproofing the roof is laying the roofing material on a dry base.
In addition, sheets of plywood or boards used for sheathing will expand with the onset of the warm season, and therefore a gap of several millimeters must be left between them.
The material is fed in small portions and immediately placed. The tile for secure fastening to solid flooring is heated with the heat of a building hair dryer to melt the bituminous layer.
|| Thermal insulation materials. Purpose and classification || Materials for leveling screeds and protective layer of roofs || Paints and putties. Drying oils || Mineral binders. Purpose and classification || Building solutions. Types and classification of solutions || General information about roofs, roofing and the organization of roofing work. Roof classification || Preparation of the bases under a roof. Substrate surface preparation || The device of roofs from rolled materials. Preparation of roofing materials || Installation of mastic roofs. Roofs from bituminous, bituminous and polymeric and polymeric mastics || The device of roofs on panels of coverings of the increased factory readiness. Complete panels || The device of roofs from piece materials. Roofs from small-piece materials || Roofs from a metal tile. General information || Sheet metal roofing. Preparatory work || Roof repair. Roofs from rolled materials || Safety
General requirements. Roofing work is carried out at an outdoor temperature of up to -20°C, and in the conditions of the Far North, as an exception, up to -30°C. For the conditions of the Far North at temperatures below -20°C, it is recommended to use rolled polymer materials in the form of prefabricated carpets or to perform non-rolled roofs from cold polymeric mastics Krovlelit, Venta-V on solvents. Restrictions in the production of roofing work at negative temperatures are mainly that it is not allowed to perform roofing work in icy conditions, snowfall, fog, strong winds.
At a negative outside temperature, rolled materials can be glued on the following bases: asphalt concrete - immediately after laying asphalt concrete, any prepared at a positive temperature; prefabricated from slabs with a factory single-layer rolled carpet (the seams between the slabs are sealed with a cement-sand mortar with the addition of potash - 10% by weight of cement); cement-sand with expanded clay filler with a fraction of up to 3 mm (cement:sand ratio - 1:2 wt. h.) with the addition of potash to the solution (10 ... 15% by weight of cement). Roof structures for construction in the conditions of the Far North have features at the junctions, on eaves, overhangs (Fig. 87, a) and in places where water intake funnels pass (Fig. 87, b). Recommended: lay the first layer of roofing material on the eaves 3 dry with a topping - down; arrange heat-insulating liners 4; overlap the eaves with additional layers of roofing carpet 5.
Rice. 87.
1 - klyyammer; 2 - aprons; 3 - a layer of roofing material (dry), laid with a topping down; 4 - liners; 5 - additional layers of roofing carpet; 6 - main roofing carpet; 7 - cover panel; 8 - water intake funnel; 9 - cement-sand mortar; 10 - galvanized steel pallet
The main roofing carpet 6 (Fig. 87, a) is made stepped and not brought to the eaves by 350 mm, the main thermal insulation is laid along the vapor barrier on the covering panels 7. The entire cornice section is protected by an apron 2 made of galvanized roofing steel, fixed with clamps 1. At the junctions to the funnels on the coating panel (Fig. 87, b), layers of an additional roofing carpet 5 are laid, which are brought close to the water intake funnel 8, as well as the main carpet 6. The heat-insulating layer is laid on a galvanized steel pallet 10. The funnel is fixed with bolts embedded in cement-sand mortar 9. It is not allowed to apply a primer and stick rolled materials if the base of the roof is covered with snow, frost or ice. Ice in the form of a crust of hoarfrost or ice is sprinkled with commercial table salt (at the rate of 150 g/m2), then after 6...7 hours the base treated with salt is sprinkled with sawdust, and after 2...3 hours the sawdust is swept away and the moistened base is dried with portable heaters. The suitability of the base is checked by a test sticker of the rolled sheet.
Rolled materials are kept in a warm room and delivered to workplaces in insulated containers. Containers are metal boxes with lids (section 350x700 mm, height 1050 mm), insulated from the inside with foam. Mastic is served on the roof in thermoses, asphalt - in insulated containers. For heating workers, as well as for intermediate storage of materials, temporary insulated rooms should be equipped on the roofs. Carpet pasted in winter warm time years they inspect, if necessary, repair, and then stick the remaining layers according to the project.
In winter conditions, rolled carpets, except for the top layer, are glued, as a rule, on cold mastics. The top layer is glued in the warm season after a preliminary examination. When mastics are supplied by pump 7 (Fig. 88) through pipeline 1, it must be insulated. Mastics are heated in thermos boilers. The maximum temperature of the mastics is 180°C. When applying, the temperature of the hot mastic should be 160°C, and cold 70°C.
Rice. 88. :
1 - pipeline; 2 - clamp; 3 - weather vane; 4 - inner pipe; 5 - frame; 6 - pipe for supplying mastic from a thermos; 7 - pump
In winter conditions, roll materials are recommended to be glued only along the slope, regardless of the roof slope. When sticking rolled panels manually, the mastic should be applied in strips to the width of the brush perpendicular to the direction of rolling the roll and immediately roll and grind the panels. Simultaneous laying of multi-layer rolled carpets in winter, regardless of the type of mastic, is prohibited. Additional layers of carpet at low temperatures are glued to funnels, junctions, valleys and cornice overhangs only on hot mastics, regardless of the material used for the installation of the roofing carpet. The rolled carpet at the junctions of the drain funnel must have an additional bottom layer of fiberglass impregnated with isol mastic. The distance from the funnels of the internal drains to the walls, ventilation shafts and exits to the roof should be sufficient for the adjoining of the rolled carpet, but not less than 1 m. auxiliary equipment(Fig. 89).
Rice. 89. :
a - insulated bunker for asphalt concrete; b - insulated box for two rolls of roofing material; c - insulated wheelbarrow for asphalt concrete; g - a roof for a wheelbarrow and a bunker; 1 - frame made of bars 30x40 mm; 2 - slag; 3 - plywood
Thermal insulation device. The heat-insulating layer is best made from prefabricated insulation boards. To avoid the installation of leveling screeds, the slabs are sorted in a warm room by size, paying special attention to their thickness. The slabs are laid, pouring under them, if necessary, a leveling layer of expanded clay. The joints are sealed with mastic from a mixture of liquefied bitumen with a fibrous filler (asbestos of the 6th and 7th groups). Sealing the joints with mastic allows you to get a more durable roof base. If the project provides for gluing heat-insulating plates to the base, then a primer is applied to the surface of the reinforced concrete slabs (or other supporting base), and after it dries, mastic is applied. Monolithic thermal insulation in winter, as a rule, is not satisfied, since when laying concrete mixtures with light aggregates, it is necessary to use electric heating, which is quite difficult in roof conditions and takes a lot of time, and antifreeze additives can worsen the thermal insulation properties of heaters. Of the compositions for the device of monolithic thermal insulation, bitumen-perlite is the most preferable. It is prepared from hot bitumen and filler - perlite, fed and applied in a mechanized way: hot bitumen through heat-resistant sleeves using bitumen pumps, perlite - through a pipeline using compressed air.
Screed device. Screeds at negative temperatures are arranged from prefabricated asbestos-cement and cement slabs and monolithic - cement-sand and asphalt concrete. Since it is very difficult to carry out wet processes in winter at low temperatures, the construction of a solid prefabricated base in winter is preferable both in terms of labor costs and the quality of work. Prefabricated slabs are glued on hot bituminous mastics. Cement-sand screeds are made from cement-sand mortars with a composition of 1:2 or 1:3 (wt. h.) With antifreeze additives - potash (calcium chloride) or sodium carbonate salts. The amount of additives for the main composition is determined in the laboratory. In cement-sand mortars, river or mountain sand is replaced with expanded clay. Cement-sand mortar with antifreeze additives is laid heated to 40 ... 60 ° C, excluding the transfer of mortar from one container to another as much as possible. Solutions are delivered to the construction site in closed tanks (mortar carriers). When transporting through pipelines, receiving and distributing hoppers are closed with tight sealed lids. Bunkers and pipelines are covered with thermal insulation. When supplied to the roof by cranes, the solution is delivered in insulated containers, which are loaded (from mortar trucks and other vehicles) in insulated rooms. The solution supplied to the roof in a container, without reloading into other containers, is placed on a motor scooter or motorized cart and transported to the installation site. The roofers lay the delivered mortar in strips along the lighthouse rails through one, leveling and compacting with vibrating rails, priming the mortar immediately after it is laid and covering the finished strip with a continuous insulating layer of mats. After laying the solution through the strip, the beacon rails are removed and the intermediate strips are filled with the solution, also leveling their surface, priming and covering with an insulating layer.
Asphalt screeds have an advantage over cement-sand screeds in that, due to their high temperature at the time of laying (170°C), they are easier to level. The asphalt concrete mixture is delivered to the roof and to the workplace of roofers in insulated containers; at very low temperatures, the containers with the mixture before laying are heated with the help of thermal electric heaters (heaters) to the operating temperature. The mixture is laid in areas of 4x4m along the verified beacon rails and immediately leveled and compacted with rollers. Screeds from an asphalt concrete mixture and a cement-sand mortar are arranged in the winter in cases where the installation of the supporting base of the roofs ends in winter and it is impossible to reschedule their installation. In this case, instead of monolithic screeds, flat asbestos-cement sheets are also sometimes used. When installing prefabricated screeds, their base (the surface of the heat-insulating layer) is carefully leveled. Prefabricated elements are primed on both sides, then glued to 100 mm wide spacers, which are glued on bituminous mastics. The seams between the prefabricated slabs are filled with a mixture of liquefied bitumen grade BN-70/30 with a filler of asbestos of the 7th group. Screeds, arranged before the onset of cold weather, when the roofs are made on them at a negative temperature, are immediately primed (before the mortar starts to set).
Roll carpet gluing. For gluing rolled materials, cold bituminous mastics on thinners (varnish kukersol or solar oil) are mainly used. When constructing roofs from welded roll materials, installations with burners operating on liquid or gas fuel (propane-butane) are used to heat the cover layer. Rolled materials, including welded ones, are kept rolled out in a warm room at a temperature of 20...25°C for 24...48 hours before sticking, rolled up and placed in 5...7 rolls in a container with thermal insulation. These containers are transported to roof light cranes and scooters, delivering directly to the laying area. All containers with hot mastic are equipped with electric heaters to ensure the desired temperature (160 ... 180 ° C).
Given the complexity of gluing roofing roll materials on hot mastics, it is advisable to arrange a roofing carpet using cold bitumen-polymer mastics. These mastics are prepared with the introduction of polymers and heated before application to 70...80°C. When gluing on cold bituminous mastics, mark the line of laying out rolled materials, aged in a warm, cleaned room, and try on the laying area. A roll of cloth is rolled out on a primed base, applying cold mastic to the base with spray rods and roll material. The roofer, pressing the glued panel to the base, makes sure that there is no mastic roller in front of the roll, which indicates the need to reduce its consumption. The panels are glued alternately at first with a transverse overlap (in width), the next row with a longitudinal overlap (in length).
The waterproofing device in the cold season is most often a necessary measure. But if there is a need to perform this procedure, you should carefully consider the choice of materials and the technology for their application.
In winter, the planned work may be hindered by heavy snowfall, which can significantly adjust the deadlines. In order not to become dependent on bad weather, you should proactively install an awning over the workplace. You need to remember about other winter surprises - short daylight hours, low temperatures, strong winds, snowfalls. All this can provide additional trouble (clearing snow and ice, drying the surface). Do not forget that the installation of waterproofing at an outside temperature of less than +5 ° C significantly affects the result of work. Roofing materials must necessarily be resistant to low temperatures.
When organizing work during the cold period, it is necessary to place storage facilities as close as possible to the workplace, as well as equipment for the manufacture and preparation of materials and semi-finished products. In addition, components, containers and transport should be adapted to difficult operating conditions. It is required to build greenhouses and isolate open areas of the facility from external aggressive environmental factors (wind and precipitation). The production of cement-sand, gluing and cold asphalt is permissible at a temperature of at least +5°C. Paint waterproofing is permitted in the temperature range down to -20°C.
In the event of precipitation, it is necessary to stop the ongoing work, otherwise a loss of quality cannot be avoided. On the eve of the painting waterproofing, it is necessary to warm the surface to positive temperature values. It is strongly not recommended to use mastics and primers, as well as to stick rolled materials on unprepared and wet surfaces.
Cold mastics can be used at sub-zero temperatures, taking into account several important factors - the material must contain an increased (by 3-5%) amount of bitumen and have greater mobility equal to 13-15 cm of cone standard immersion.
The table below contains information on the temperature of waterproofing mixtures during manufacture and application in winter:
| Mix type | Manufacturing temperature | Application temperature |
|
Bituminous mastics |
220°C | 180°C |
|
Tar mastics |
160°C | 140°C |
|
Asphalt mixtures |
200°C | 170°C |
Waterproofing made on inclined (less than 25%) and horizontal surfaces using hot mastics and mixtures, if it is impossible to thoroughly dry the surfaces, is performed on a mastic base with a temperature of at least 5°C.
Shortly before use, rolled materials are placed in a warm place and stored until a positive temperature is reached, after which they are treated with a low-volatile solvent. Waterproofing coatings must be covered with thawed fractions of the soil mass with maximum layer-by-layer compaction.
Technological foundations of the waterproofing device in winter
- Outdoor work is possible at temperatures above 5°C (except for the installation of metal insulation).
- Workplaces must be isolated from aggressive environmental factors.
- The surfaces of insulated structures must be cleaned of dirt and precipitation, and then blown with compressed air.
- The temperature of the insulating means must correspond to the nominal value specified in the technological map.
- Surfaces must be heated until they reach positive temperature values.
- Synthetic compounds (furan, epoxy, ethinol) during transportation and storage must be carefully protected from hypothermia, which can lead to loss of useful properties.
- Emulsion pastes, cement-sand mortars, cold bituminous mastics should be used with frost-resistant additives.
- Inside the premises in which work is organized, it is necessary to keep warm in the range from +10 to +15°C.
- Protection waterproofing coatings fall asleep with well-thawed soil or dry sand with maximum layer-by-layer compaction.
- At negative temperatures (below -5°C), work to protect structures from water penetration should be carried out in a greenhouse, the temperature inside of which should be above +5°C at a height of half a meter from the floor surface. When heating temporary building structures using binders of organic origin, open flames are not allowed. If painting and pasting waterproofing is carried out without a greenhouse, the objects to be insulated for mortars and bituminous mastics must be dried and heated to a temperature of at least +5°C.
- The surface to be insulated must be well dried and heated to +10-15°C.
- Leveling screeds are made exclusively from asphalt concrete heated to high values.
- Working temperatures of hot asphalt mastics should be +160-180°C, cold +60-80°C.
- Before use, roll materials are placed in a warm place (+15-20°C) for a period of at least 20 hours.
- Transportation of materials from the work site should be carried out in insulated containers, and for hot mastic and solutions, insulated containers should also be provided. Roll materials require heating up to +15°C, after which they are used in rewound form.
- During the preparation of concrete surfaces, snow fractions are removed, heated to + 5 ° C and dried to reach 5% humidity. Surfaces intended for waterproofing are primed in advance with liquefied bitumen-polymer agents with antifreeze components. With the help of cement-sand mixtures with frost-resistant additives and hardening accelerators (they do not freeze up to -25 ° C), cavities are sealed.
- Paint waterproofing is produced at sub-zero temperatures on hot bituminous mastic. In addition, it can be used for gluing one layer of adhesive waterproofing. It is possible to implement hot asphalt insulation, provided that frost-resistant additives are used.
Roofing work is carried out at outdoor temperatures down to -20°C, and in the Far North up to -30°C.
12.1. BASE DEVICE
At negative temperatures, screeds are installed from prefabricated or monolithic asbestos-cement and cement-sand slabs. Works with solutions without antifreezes are allowed up to -10°C. Tash antifreeze or sodium carbonate salts are recommended in cement-sand mortars, in which the bright sand is replaced by expanded clay.
Laying the solution is carried out heated to 60°C, excluding additional transfer from the bone to the container. The solution is delivered in closed tanks, preferably thermally insulated. The longer the solution is in open frost before work, the worse the quality of the hitch will be.
After the installation of screeds, priming is immediately carried out (in the amount of 600 g / m2) and covered with an insulating layer.
When installing asphalt screeds, the cool fraction of the mineral filler is replaced with sand.
Before laying, the mixture is heated with heating elements to the operating temperature of the asphalt concrete mixture.
The mixture is laid in squares of 4 × 4 m along the adjusted slats with a thickness 1.5 times greater than the thickness of the screeds at a positive temperature. Heating the surface and the laid mixture allows you to better level it. The surface of the screeds is primed with bituminous primers (800-1000 g/m2), diluted in a slowly evaporating solvent and heated to 40-50°C.
In winter, it is allowed to replace cement-sand screeds with asphalt concrete screeds using rigid and semi-rigid insulation, which will significantly reduce the quality of the roof. In general, in extreme cases, a large-sized assembly is used instead of a monolith. A little solvent is introduced into hot mastics to lower the liquefaction temperature. The seams between the plates are filled with a mixture of liquefied bitumen with a corrugated filler. Screeds must be primed immediately.
thermal insulation
Thermal insulation is laid from slabs sorted by thickness on a leveled base. The leveling layer under the bottom is made of coarse sand or granulated slag. The joints are sealed with mastic (bitumen + asbestos) or a mixture of liquefied bitumen with corrugated filler.
Monolithic thermal insulation can only be arranged from bitumen-perlite slabs, interconnected in place by melting the edges.
12.2. ROOF DEVICE
The base is cleared of ice (you can use the SO-U7A machine).
For gluing, cold mastics are preferred. For the deposited materials, a burner (propane-butane) is used.
Rolled materials are rolled out in a warm room and kept before sticking at a temperature of 20-25 ° C for 24-28 hours, rolled up and placed in 5-7 rolls in a heat-insulated container.
Glued by melting the bituminous layer. First, it is desirable to apply a primer on the base (800 g per m2).
After it dries (until the film stops sticking), a panel is tried on on the gluing strip along the line drawn with chalk. The panel is folded back by 0.5 m, the cover layer of the folded part is melted with a burner (or hot mastic is applied to the base of the gluing area) and the carpet is manually pressed to the base.
Next, the unglued roll is rolled up, slightly heating its outer surface with a burner to avoid breakage. After that, put the roll on the roll stacker and lay as usual (warming up both the carpet and the base on which the laying is done). The roller is pressed against the base.
The overlaps and the carpet itself are rolled 3-4 times with a weighted roller (90 kg).
Important! Before melting the cover layer on the gluing line, it is necessary to adjust the torch of the burner, the slope and to the panel in such a way that the cover layer softens to a viscous-fluid state, warming up to 160-180 ° C.
An indicator of overheating is a mastic roller in front of the sheet being rolled out and, which is completely unacceptable, yellow mastic vapors.
Adjacent to vertical surfaces:
After cutting and marking, the panel is folded into 2 parts, the length of which corresponds to the length of the vertical and horizontal sections of the gluing. Then, with a burner, the cover layer is softened into parts glued to the vertical surface, while heating (or priming with bitumen) the vertical surface itself. The carpet is pressed and carefully rubbed.
The horizontal surface is glued in the same way.
A protective layer is arranged in the warm season.
Working with hot mastic in winter is impractical.
It is possible to use polymer additives and solvents (5-7%). Mineral fillers are best replaced with a solution of polyisobutylene (3-5%).
Short-term (10-15 min) overheating of mastics is allowed (bitumen - above 160-180 ° C, tar - above 140-160 ° C by 10-20 ° C).
For the installation of roofs at an external temperature of -20 ° C, the mastic is applied in small areas of no more than 0.5 m2 (for example, 1 × 0.5 m), quickly leveled with strokes and the carpet is pulled over. Any overlap in winter should be at least 10 cm.
It is more rational to use cold mastics in winter, for example, bitumen-latex-cookersal.
Before application, they are heated to 70-80°C. The cloth must also be kept indoors. A roll is rolled out on a primed base, applying heated cold mastic to the carpet and base using spray rods. When pressing, it is necessary to monitor the longitudinal overlap. When gluing the upper layers, the mastic is applied only to the underlying layer and carefully pressed against the panels of the lower layers.
Rolling is carried out after laying all the layers at least 3 times with a weighted roller. It is advisable to postpone the sticker of the upper layers for the warm season by gluing 2 emergency lower layers.
When installing mastic roofs (reinforced and non-reinforced), cold asphalt mastics with antifreeze or hot bitumen reinforced with fiberglass are used. The use of emulsions is unacceptable (at temperatures below -5°C).
Antifreeze (ethylene glycol or methyl alcohol up to 15% by weight of the paste) is introduced into cold water mastics in a warm room. The mastic is delivered to the roof heated to 40 ° C and immediately applied to the base, leveling with strokes, controlling the layer thickness. With mastic hot bituminous roofing they work similarly to rolled materials on hot bitumen mastic, where the rolled material is fiberglass, but after it is laid and pressed (with an armored mesh roller), an additional layer is applied over the panel until the fiberglass cells are completely impregnated.
Previously, the installation and repair of soft roofing was strictly limited to seasonality, since both main roofing materials - bitumen and roofing material - are powerless in frost. Bitumen quickly freezes, loses its plastic properties; when working with it in winter, the introduction of plasticizers is necessary. The roofing material cracks in the cold, the rolls do not finally roll out, being shackled and shaped in waves.
All developments of roofing materials were aimed at improving their properties at low temperatures, so that work on soft roofing could be carried out all year round. Soft roofs usually imply the scale of the structure; most industrial, civil and residential buildings of a large area are arranged soft roof. And stops in large-scale construction, connected with the season, are equally unprofitable for both the customer and the contractor. Man is used to struggling with difficulties and subordinating nature to his will, and he has succeeded in this even now.
In addition, in winter it may be necessary to carry out repair work for a number of reasons: leaks were discovered a long time ago, but did not reach the hands in the summer. During the winter, damage will increase even more, undermined by frost and thaw, and with the onset of persistent heat, the roof will lose its main function - waterproofing.
In winter, the most important operation is drying and warming up the base. And before installation - uniform and sufficient heating of roofing materials.
And here, whether you like it or not, you will have to depend on the weather: you will not work in snowfall, rain or a sharp thaw, as well as in very severe frost.
When laying built-up materials in winters using propane burners, only a virtuoso roofing master can guarantee a high-quality coating. Usually the same heating roll! unevenly, like the base, because of the low temperature, the laid layer cools too sharply, sometimes the base and mater cool down before gluing has occurred. There are a lot of unglued places.
new technology in the installation and repair of roofs in winter, the use of the method of infrared heating of the cover layer of rolled melted materials began to be used - this significantly improves the technological winter work and improves the quality of the work performed.
The use of infrared radiation and means a fixed temperature heating of the surface, sufficient to melt the cover! layer, and eliminates overheating and boiling of bitumen, which previously damaged the roof.
In addition, the equipment for infrared radiation is electrical (380 V power supply), which reduces the flammability of roofing rg due to the elimination of burners.
For the above method, the Beam bus is used.
In it, the materials are heated by infrared: by irradiation in a relatively closed cavity, with the body of the equipment. The surface of the material is heated no higher than 160°C, and it is tactless, and the closed housing excludes sudden temperature fluctuations with the surrounding air.
The web of the roll is pressed tightly against the base by a multisectional roller. The surface layers are softened by 0.5-0.8 mm and forms! a roller of molten bitumen with a thickness of about 1 cm is placed. The roller moves ahead of the rolling womb, additionally smearing the base with a tone layer and filling all the irregularities in the base.
This method guarantees complete bonding at the molecular level.
First, the base is prepared: the screed is cleaned of dust and primed with a primer. The spreading of the primer material is 700-800 g per 1 m2 of OCHI. The end of the roll is loaded into the Luch machine, on the frame of which an infrared emitter and a pressure roller are mounted. The three heating elements facing the pressure roller are covered metal lid. The flow of radiant energy emitted by the emitter is directed to the place of contact between the base and the glued panel, the filament body is located 2-3 cm from the heated surfaces. Then infrared emitters are turned on, the machine warms up for 15-25 s, after which bitumen melts on the lower surface of the panel, which lasts 1-3 s, after which the installation is manually advanced along the rolled roll. The heated panel is pressed with a roller to the base, which is heated simultaneously with the panel. The degree of heating is controlled by the width of the strip of bitumen squeezed out from under the roll: the strip of flowing bitumen should be about 1 cm wide.
Due to the rapid surface heating, the covering layers soften only by 0.5-0.8 mm, i.e. only a small part of the binder mass is heated.
Heating and melting of the cover layer occurs only from the deposited side, on the other hand, the material remains unchanged. When the movement stops in the middle of the slope, the frame with the heating elements is turned up to prevent overheating of the material. The rolling time of a 10-meter roll is 3-10 minutes (depending on the modification of the machine and the season).
The small-sized installation "IKO-500" consists of only one heating element, fixed on a frame with a handle, by which the worker holds this device.
To connect each of these machines to an external network with a voltage of 380/220 V, a special electrical control panel is used. Shield weight 10 kg. Connection to the external network is carried out by cable type.KG. The control circuit is fed through a step-down transformer with a voltage of 36 V. The electrical panel provides for the connection of two units at the same time.
Particular attention should be paid to the following requirements.
It is forbidden:
. stick roofing materials in the presence of fire (the design of the machine and parts are not designed for such a high-temperature mode of operation);
. allow a large amount of soot on the insulators and conductive elements of the machine. Kokpot (i.e. coal) is an electrical conductor and leads to burnout of conductive equipment elements. Soot appears when bituminous materials ignite during the performance of work, which is possible only if the operator neglects his work;
. allow direct exposure of the track roller;
. allow shorting of the emitter elements to the body or to each other. This leads to the destruction of the emitters;
. work without a multilayer reflector included in the design of the machine;
. make repairs and touch current-carrying structural elements without turning off the circuit breaker. It is possible to independently turn on the equipment when the control wire is closed to the case;
. work on the equipment by untrained personnel.
On newly purchased equipment, check the tightness of all electrical contacts on the car and on the electrical panel.
At each new facility, work should not be started without prior preventive maintenance of the equipment: you should wipe the soot from the machine with a soft brush and recheck the tightness of the electrical contacts (they loosen during operation from constant heating and cooling). Check the emitters for an interturn short circuit and the possibility of a short circuit to the case.
The use of the Luch machine is possible both on horizontal and vertical surfaces, which facilitates such a complex and painstaking thing as junctions.
The Luch heating unit, which is part of the roofing machine, consists of three heating elements. Disabling the middle element makes it possible to perform strip bonding of materials for the installation of a ventilated roof at no additional cost, which is important when repair work, in new construction during the cold season, in buildings with high humidity. Ventilated roofs do not form blisters and allow the insulation and screed to be kept dry for a long time.
"IKO-YUOO" is a lightweight version of the Luch machine. It is controlled by two workers, the technology of work does not differ from the one described above and allows gluing smooth bends of the roof and vertical sections.
"IKO-500" - a device weighing 6 kg and the dimensions of the irradiator 25 × 35 cm. Used in hard-to-reach places, for lining pipes, corners, etc. When working with it, the base is first heated, then the applied material (with visual control of heating) and the heated surfaces are pressed. All this happens without the use of open fire.
To prepare the base in the system of the infrared irradiation method, a roof regenerator RKL is used.
From the realm of fantasy: the use of infrared equipment RKL in the preparation of the base
not only allows the installation of a new roofing carpet on the old cake, but also significantly improves the properties of the latter. When drying the old coating, infrared rays regenerate and compress the layers of the old roof, restoring solidity and leveling the old coating. The allowable number of layers of the old coating is 10.
Security measures:
Persons who have reached the age of 18, who have studied all technical documentation and trained in the handling of the machine, as well as those who have been instructed in safety techniques.
Before starting work, it is necessary to check the good condition of the protective earth.
The operator working on the machine must have an electrical safety group of at least the second.
It is not allowed to work if the insulation or control wire is damaged.
It is strictly forbidden to carry out any repair or other work on the machine without turning off the machine on the electrical control panel.
It is forbidden to work on the roof using any electrical equipment during precipitation.
It is necessary to constantly monitor the serviceability of the switch on the steering wheel, which should automatically turn off the machine when you remove your hands from the steering wheel.
If a malfunction or voltage on the case is found in the machine (electric shock), it is necessary to stop work and inform the work manager.
Responsibility and supervision over the safe operation of the machine is assigned to the person responsible for the electrical facilities and appointed by order.
For fire safety purposes, it is prohibited:
. work without an equipped fire station in the work area;
. store flammable liquids near the place of work.
At the end of the work, the electrical panel must be completely disconnected from the external network.
Infrared roofing machine type "Ray" is not subject to certification in the field of fire safety.
When performing roofing work with machines of the Luch type, in the field of safety, the rules in accordance with SNiP 12-03-99 "Labor safety in construction" should be observed.
Work with machines of the Luch type at explosive objects is allowed only with the permission of the relevant services.
Connection of "IKO-YUOO" or "IKO-500" to the electrical control panel of the roofing machine (to other electrical panels is strictly prohibited) is allowed only by electricians on duty or operators who have an electrical safety group not the second and only according to the electrical diagram attached to the passport.