Innovative houses. Innovative house: building materials and technologies of tomorrow. Latest heating systems

Department of Smolensk Region for Education, Science and Youth Affairs

Smolensk regional state budgetary

professional educational institution

"Roslavl Multidisciplinary College"

Industrial technologies (Industrial)

BUSINESS PLAN

Construction of an individual frame-panel house

Matveev Maxim Alekseevich4th year student majoring in -08.03.02 Construction and operation of buildings and structures

Supervisor:

Shashnina Inna Olegovnateacher of the highest qualification category

Consultants:

Sinyakova Olga Stepanovna teacher of the highest qualification category

Murygina Marina Pavlovna

Teacher of professional disciplines

Roslavl 2016

Keywords

Individual low-rise construction, energy saving, ecology, smart home, autonomous eco-village, waste disposal, fly ash, concrete, soil, soil block, ceramics, brick, tiles, natural insulation, straw, engineering systems, solar collector, heat storage, wastewater treatment, dry closet , solar architecture, energy efficient house, heat pump, greenhouse, porch, garage, thermal zoning, frame structure, infrastructure, household waste recycling, financial scheme, village operation, securityenvironment.

2. Relevance of the idea

During the transition from a planned economy to a market economy, the low-cost conveyor construction of multi-storey buildings by large DSKs disappeared. A new construction industry with higher quality indicators is just being formed, and in the image and likeness of developed countries with completely different 3

climatic and other conditions. In developed countries, in addition to the existing surplus housing of good quality, only modern housing is added in small quantities, incl. “smart” housing (smart house) of an excellent and elite level of quality with minimal maintenance costs, i.e. energy efficient, modern architecture and durable. The average housing supply in the United States is 70 square meters. meters per person, in Sweden and Canada - 40, in Russia only 20, but in reality half of the housing is unsuitable for living. Against the backdrop of a huge housing shortage, the construction of new houses in Russia is still expensive, tied to worn-out communications and requires disproportionately high operating costs, and not only because of climatic conditions. For most of the country's population, not only the costs of new construction, but even the operating costs of existing housing are prohibitively high. For example, the average price of 1 sq. meters of living space in 2016 amounted to 30.5 thousand. rub., on the secondary market – 23.1 thousand rubles. To date, the price is no less than 32 thousand rubles. per sq. m with a growing trend. New housing is available to only 5% of the population. The accumulated problems associated with the physical deterioration of housing stock and communications, a sharp increase in energy prices, and environmental pollution are aggravated by ineffective monopolies.

The project proposes a new way to meet the need for modern, comfortable housing. Namely: rapid, seasonal, organized individual construction of low-rise smart houses in autonomous eco-villages in the suburbs and rural areas, to attract young professionals. Smart home here means using environmentally friendly materials. The proposed project resolves the contradiction: build with high quality and without unnecessary costs. For a more contrasting reflection of the proposed method, a short excursion into history is necessary. First, we note that multi-story construction is fundamentally different from low-rise construction: the strength characteristics of materials here play a secondary role, and the main ones are thermal insulation, durability, and price. The construction of low-rise buildings, especially individual ones, was not supported by the state, and the construction industry produced materials exclusively for high-rise construction, which was tied to central communications and was under full state control, including the distribution of housing itself. In fact, the construction industry was hostage to state ideology.

Communications, without which it is impossible to live in these houses, are rotten, and the cost of replacing them is incredibly high due to the inevitable paralysis of city life. The design of houses took into account the huge infiltration of air from the street through cracks in windows and doors, which replaced ventilation and provided a more or less acceptable atmosphere in terms of carbon dioxide content. The installation of new plastic windows, which ensure an increase in the temperature in the rooms due to airtightness, leads to the need to keep them open so that the apartments can be breathed when there are more than 1 person living in a 3-room apartment.

In the proposed new method of building smart houses without conventional heating in an eco-village, the following will be used in a single complex:

1) the best organizational solutions to ensure the rapid construction of an eco-village within a season, including a conveyor belt method for the production of materials on site and the assembly of houses with a scientific organization of labor (possible participation of developers), the construction of an eco-village according to a single plan from cottages according to individual projects immediately with the necessary infrastructure and creation landscape, optimal sequence of building houses with efficient use of solar heat and eliminating the influence of precipitation;

2) new and/or cheap, durable and more efficient materials adapted for our climatic conditions; including the principles of “solar” architecture, a wooden frame structure filled with insulation blocks, various options for blocking houses, multi-layer wall and roof structures, buffer zones, smart windows, decoupling from the ground, arched foundation.

3) new mini-technologies for waste-free production of high-quality materials based on local raw materials at a non-stationary ministerial plant;

4) designing energy-efficient houses using the best known, as well as many new original solutions, etc.;

5) new or adapted to our conditions engineering systems for home and village, allowing us to do without communications (water supply, sewerage, conventional heating, and in the near future without electrical networks, i.e. completely autonomous eco-villages): a) collection, storage in the basement and purification of rainwater for technical needs, b) accumulation of gray wastewater in “tanks”, their biological processing, purification and disposal on the site in the summer

C) dry dry toilet of the Clivus miltrum type for accumulating and processing organic waste into compost, d) solar collectors and heat storage inmulti-layer wall structure, rain and waste water tanks, soil.

e) heat pump as an effective backup system for the home,

f) supply ventilation with air preheating,

G) separate collection of solid waste on an eco-village scale, its processing and disposal, incl. in the production of building materials;

The project implementation strategy includes the construction of an eco-village with a sustainable type of development. According to the classification of settlements, the eco-village is closest to a holiday village with the possibility of living in winter. The implementation of the project will facilitate the solution of many pressing social problems, as well as ensure the rapid development of new businesses and create a huge market for the latest domestic scientific and technical developments in various fields, including alternative energy, waste management, “smart house” using information technologies that do not have Currently there is real demand in Russia. Great demand for high-quality finishing materials will contribute to the development of their domestic production

3. Project goal

The goal of the project is to market – to organize the individual construction of low-rise smart houses in autonomous eco-villages with a sustainable type of development (consuming a minimum amount of non-renewable resources, not putting pressure on the environment, using local substandard raw materials and production waste in construction).

To implement the project, packages of technical, design, and project documentation will be developed, equipment for the production of materials and construction will be manufactured and assembled, materials for low-rise construction will be certified, the construction site will be designed and prepared, a professional team will be formed, and documents will be obtained to protect intellectual property. Due to a sharp reduction in material and labor costs at all stages of individual construction, as well as rapid construction and the absence of expensive communications, the availability of housing for families with average incomes will be ensured at the highest level of comfort requirements.

The project intends to create an organizational and technological construction complex (OTSC), which will provide an opportunity for an individual developer to build his house in an eco-village with infrastructure at minimal cost and quickly - in one season, and register the house and land plot as his own. The implementation of the developed product will create an alternative to the existing costly method of construction, leading to progressive environmental pollution. After completion of general construction work, the company provides additional services - organization of finishing work, including the development of design projects, hiring and organizing the work of finishing teams, working with subcontractors (for example, installation of suspended ceilings, fireplaces, windows with roller shutters, garage doors) wholesale supply of finishing materials.

4. Description of the project.

Modern housing is such a complex and capacious product that the developers themselves, who do not have large finances, are not able to assemble their own house from its constituent elements. But today this is exactly what is offered to developers on the market. The current situation in individual construction is better illustrated by recent jokes about domestic cars: assemble it yourself. If you can assemble and disassemble it down to the screw, you will ride, if not, you will stand. There are 4 stages in this process: we select a site, register the land, obtain a building permit, conclude a construction contract or find an investor. After which the actual epic of construction begins. At the stage of the actual construction of such exams, but in technical subjects, there are especially many to come.

1) There is a progressive demand for new cottages with a fall or stagnation in demand for housing on the secondary market.

2) The trend of centrally built settlements with a single architectural concept and their own infrastructure has appeared since 2000.

3) The classification of cottage settlements is clearly defined - elite cottage and economy class.

4) Due to the rapid growth of housing costs in the Smolensk region, a new segment in the market has appeared and is rapidly gaining momentum - holiday cottage communities offering turnkey cottages with a small area of ​​​​about 100 sq.m. in economy class with a cost of up to 1 million rubles.

In Russia, despite the climate, roads and other known features, for the first time the opportunity will be offered to build reliably and quickly, literally before our eyes, if desired - with our own participation, for very modest money (a third of Russians have such funds, taking into account real estate at market value). families) modern smart home in autonomous eco-villages. To implement fully autonomous villages, there are already many business projects for creating small sources of electricity (with a 3-fold lower cost relative to the monopolist RAO EC) and heat from local energy resources, which will receive a huge market after the implementation of the demonstration eco-village. To reduce the volume of required investments, this project is currently focused on electrical networks. A project for the joint implementation of a mini-CHP with an eco-village would be optimal from all sides.

The use of micro-installations that operate even on low-quality fuel will already reduce the cost of the facility.

Table 1

As can be seen from the table and further description, all solutions compatible with each other Separately, they are not of particular interest. Some of them have been known for a long time. In particular, new mini-technologies for the production of materials use the unique capabilities of technology. It is the factor of assembling compatible solutions that is decisive, because The number of private solutions offered on the market and generally in print media, including the Internet, is simply enormous, without which the goal of a practically autonomous home cannot be achieved:

1) mini-technologies that ensure high-quality production of basic materials on site from waste and local materials, incl. substandard raw materials on small equipment with low energy consumption, primarily from prefabricated wooden panels (~80% of the house’s mass), providing a domino effect; it is the huge mass of the internal walls that provides thermal inertia - the ability to accumulate solar heat to maintain normal temperatures in winter and air conditioning in hot summers;

2) a project of a frame-type house with 1 floor, structurally similar to a nesting doll, which makes it possible to quickly build a house in a season along with finishing (existing construction methods technologically require 2 years), despite the small but inevitable processes of shrinkage (pressure on the ground

3) a water supply system, including wholesale purchases of drinking water in bottles, and for technical use of water - collection of sediments, their purification and heating with heat from solar collectors, economical use due to proper use and modern equipment, processing of gray waste (from the bath and kitchen) into in the basement with its removal after cleaning into a tank in the irrigation area; an autonomous system is not only a much better replacement for conventional water supply and sewerage, but at the same time it is also a decisive element for accumulating a sufficient amount of heat and maintaining comfortable conditions in the house;

4) natural processing within 2 years of feces and solid organic waste from the kitchen into compost in a dry carousel-type bioreactor, the easiest to manufacture and maintain, requiring only a deep warm basement, an exhaust pipe and access to the reactor;

5) multi-layer construction of fencing, ensuring optimal operating conditions for materials and determining durability;

6) effective, cheap and durable heat-insulating material or agricultural waste that replaces it in vacuum packaging that retains the given shape (you can, of course, use other modern insulation materials such as Izover.

7) a system of stationary solar collectors on a personal plot, on the roof, in a greenhouse, on a plinth, which simultaneously play the role of building elements, allowing even with low efficiency (relative to systems on the market with selective coatings and antifreeze as a coolant, which are unprofitable due to high price and the need for maintenance, and also due to the fact that they cannot be elements of building structures) receive thermal energy almost for free throughout the year, incl. for heating water, heat-accumulating walls, soil under the house, incoming air for supply ventilation;

8) a smart supply ventilation system, including preliminary passive heating of incoming air in winter and cooling in summer - this system is necessary not only to maintain an acceptable level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of an almost sealed house, the functioning of a bioreactor and a tank for aerobic processing of gray waste, but also to remove radon, which can accumulate in the basement due to the constant influx from soil, crushed stone, ash, cement, which are part of the used building materials;

9) smart and inexpensive due to the lack of fittings, windows with an effective heat transfer resistance of about 2, i.e. 2.5 times better than modern 2-chamber double-glazed windows offered on the market, consisting of sealed assemblies of 2 single-chamber packages with internal and external shutters;

10) decoupling the basement from the ground, where the heat from the house mainly goes with good thermal insulation of the external fence, by creating a protective layer from old tires, which still cannot be disposed of;

To ensure sustainable development, a package of key technologies and solutions is offered, which determines the low cost of materials and the possibility of organizing rapid construction with minimal costs:

1. . Concrete with ash binder additives.
2. Izover insulation.
3. Zoloarbolit - insulation for foundations
4. Smart windows
5. Ventilation system
6. Collection, storage of sediments and wastewater treatment in the basement of the house.
7. Dry dry toilet.
8. Solar energy storage.
9. Frame house construction.
10. Financial scheme of relationships in the implementation of individualorganized construction.

4. Smart windows

In the building products market, plastic windows are experiencing a real boom. This is primarily due to the poor quality of windows previously produced in the USSR. The best double-glazed windows have a heat transfer resistance of 0.77. It is easy to appreciate that with such heat transfer there is a real thermal hole! - it is impossible to build a house without heating, even if the walls, roof and foundation are made of the best insulation - 1 m thick polystyrene foam. Builders and citizens have forgotten why windows are needed in a house: for 4 generations the whole country has been using windows for a dual purpose: for solar lighting and ventilation. However, windows are used for lighting in winter only a quarter of the time, and even then only usefully when there is someone in the house. The rest of the time the windows did not even work for their intended purpose, not to mention the fact that the windows perform the function of ventilation of the premises as poorly as possible. If windows are returned to their real function - only lighting, when there is a need and opportunity for this, then the design of the window, its cost, and the rules for its use will change greatly. But this is only possible in new construction. The project proposes a system of smart windows (smart means adequately responding to changes in the surrounding world). The southern side of the house is more suitable for lighting: in winter the sun brings heat and light into the house through the windows, and in summer it brings only diffuse radiation, i.e. only light. The number of windows facing the western and eastern sides must be minimized, because In summer, heat input through windows with direct solar radiation in the morning and evening (almost 1 kW per sq.m.) turns the premises into inferno. In winter, the north-facing windows are completely closed with blinds and internal shutters, while the south-facing windows are closed when there is no sun. Smart windows, when properly sealed, have a resistance of 2.0, while at the same time their cost is lower than usual, because they do not need fittings. Installation and operation of such windows is simpler and cheaper, despite the fact that such windows will perform their main function - lighting - no worse, plus heating in winter!

5. Ventilation system

Even the simplest heat exchangers allow you to save on heating your homes. However, when building a smart home without heating, there is no question of saving - it is necessary to get rid of all heat losses, except those physically inevitable through heat transfer. The project proposes a very simple solution for the supply ventilation system: air is taken from a stationary airborne solar collector built on the site above the wastewater tank. The air exits through the pipes of the bioreactor and the fireplace. The collector consists of 3 parts, oriented to the east, south and west. Independent fans, after being heated by the sun, supply air at a speed of 4 m/s into a pipe with a diameter of 10 cm passing through the waste water tank, and then through the pipe through which excess water is discharged into the basement. Air supply occurs only for 6-8 hours during the daytime, i.e. when the air is warmer and there is heating from the sun. This volume of clean air, free from dust, insects and gases, is sufficient. Passage 20

air through the tank and contact with water increases its humidity and temperature. As a result, heat loss in winter due to fresh air ventilation is minimal. In summer, the smart house is comfortable thanks to natural air conditioning due to the presence of soil block walls. Since “winter” ventilation in the summer will supply fresh, too warm air into the basement that has cooled down over the winter, additional summer ventilation will work for residential premises - summer ventilation with air intake from the greenhouse or porch, controlled from the living quarters of the house.

6. Collection, storage of sediments and wastewater treatment in the basement of the house

Usually, for country houses, due to the high cost of communications, they offer various types of septic tanks located outside the house. Their volume is approximately equal to the flow of several days. For their operation, a large area of ​​land is required for drainage of coarsely purified water. For Siberia, where the freezing depth in the Novosibirsk region reaches 1.4 m, a drainage system for effective cleaning will be very expensive. For complete bio-treatment of wastewater, it is recommended to drain it into special reservoirs with selected aquatic plants or into rivers. If there is a water intake nearby, then the septic tank poses a serious threat. In reality, septic tanks are a forced solution - they only serve to reduce environmental pollution, and not to solve the problem, because at low temperatures, wastewater treatment occurs weakly and slowly. The introduction of chemical reagents serves only to disinfect, and not to purify water. A completely different level of solution to the problem is possible if you have a large basement with the ability to place water tanks, where at a relatively high temperature the water is completely purified over a long period. Technologies for water purification at normal temperatures are well established. According to US patent 5106493, water purified in this way is even proposed to be reused for technical needs. Moreover, specialists in treating wastewater from the home with certain types of bacteria after an anaerobic/aerobic cycle prove the effectiveness of the method by demonstratively drinking purified water. Reusing water without a control system is reasonable only in small quantities, namely for flushing a bioreactor toilet. It is proposed to carry out sequential anaerobic and aerobic biological water treatment using activated sludge in a two-chamber reactor, and use the purified water to irrigate the site in the summer. The sediments accumulated on the filters throughout the year (if they are not eaten by bacteria) will be removed by the eco-village service department. There is no need to completely store wastewater in the basement of the house. Once sufficiently purified, it can be used to preheat incoming air for ventilation and then disposed of in an underground tank with a capacity of approximately 20 cubic meters outside the house. Before watering, the water will be heated using a solar collector directly on the garden plot, which will ensure the rapid development of plants in favorable conditions. Natural precipitation is the cleanest and at the same time free source of water, especially when it comes to technical use. Drinking water is a food product, so obtaining it independently is not included in the company’s plans - only an organized wholesale supply of water to the eco-village is planned by the relevant specialized companies. o to maintain a comfortable atmosphere in the house.

The amount of precipitation in the form of rain (442 mm per year) falling on the roof of the base house is just enough to cover the family's need for technical water - 75 cubic meters (especially if there are laundry services).

7. Dry dry toilet.

The main headache of country houses are toilets. When using water as a transport medium, very expensive communications are inevitably required to communicate with wastewater treatment plants. In fact, this is precisely what limits the choice of sites during traditional construction - copying apartments 24

Outdoors. A dry composting toilet of the Clivus miltrum type for the accumulation and biological processing of organic waste into compost was first made in Sweden with similar climatic conditions. Now on the world market, more than a dozen companies offer bioreactors of various designs, including those made under the Clivus miltrum patent. In Russia, a dry closet of this type was built in a pilot house in Novosibirsk by the Ecodom company. Given the large volume of this bioreactor, its installation and operation is only possible in a large basement, and it must be considered as part of building structures - i.e. plan in advance, tie the entire architecture of the house to it, its production must be included in the construction work schedule. It is the use of excavated soil as a raw material for the production of materials that makes it possible to place large-scale engineering equipment in the basement without additional costs. A dry dry toilet occupies a volume of at least 5 cubic meters, is equipped with pipes for aeration and an inclined bed for the spontaneous movement of processed biomass downwards. It is designed for long-term biological processing of organic waste coming from the kitchen and toilet. This version of the bioreactor is the first, but not the most successful - it requires skilled operations during the construction phase, which slows down the work schedule. It is quite difficult to maintain such a reactor, and the amount of water entering the reactor may not be optimal, which will create certain problems for the speed of waste processing in the bioreactor. After analyzing existing designs on the world market, the choice was made on a carousel-type bioreactor. This option is as simple as possible to install, does not require significant construction work and fits into the work schedule. Maintenance of such a reactor is incomparably simpler, and operation is more reliable, because excess moisture – so-called The “tea” drains from the reactor and is then collected once a year in a separate container, then used as an effective nitrogen fertilizer on the site. A system used in airliners will be used to flush feces down the toilet with a small amount of water. In the first year of operation, 2 reactor baskets only collect waste along with additives of peat or sawdust with incomplete processing, and in the second year they are rearranged to carry out the natural processes of processing organic matter by microorganisms and worms under optimal conditions. The result is homogeneous, high-quality compost. To further improve reliability, this compost will be added to the compost heap on site for another year. This design of the bioreactor allows you to easily install 2 toilets in the house above the reactor: on the 1st and 2nd floors, in addition to collecting garbage from the kitchen. The bioreactor will be equipped with a pipe going to the roof next to the fireplace pipe to create natural draft for ventilation. To prevent the appearance of odors in the premises, the toilet seat and the entrance channels to the bioreactor will be sealed. When access is open, the suction fan will automatically turn on. After a year of operation of the bioreactor, the village service department will rearrange the baskets; after 2 years and then once a year, they will remove the compost to the compost heap. The house designs will include an exit from the basement to the plot, either through openings in the foundation with access to the greenhouse, or through an opening to the garage and then through the greenhouse to the plot.

8. Solar energy storage.

The most costly problem when living in your own homes in Russia is heating. When creating an energy-efficient home, the operating time of conventional heating systems based on the combustion of organic fuel (coal, fuel oil, gas) is reduced to a minimum of 2-3 months. Designing a heating system with a boiler room, purchasing and installing boilers, purchasing and storing fuel, and safely maintaining this system are too expensive, and the comfort of living in your home drops sharply due to the need to take care of it every day.

heating. The obvious thought is that it might be wiser to make the necessary efforts to further improve the energy efficiency of the home and completely free yourself from the headache of a conventional heating system. Lots of efforts, incl. with the support of the state, efforts were made to reduce heating costs by increasing the efficiency of boilers, using solar collectors to save on water heating, and reducing energy costs for ventilation and air conditioning, for example, by installing heat exchangers. The situation today is described very accurately by the well-known

expression: the mountain gave birth to a mouse. The use of solar collectors provides the house with, at first glance, “free” solar energy. However, in reality, creating a second system in the house, including the cost of the collectors, their installation, maintenance, repairs, etc. costs much more than primitive heating with electricity, i.e. has negative profitability. The problem has a cost-effective solution only with an integrated approach, including the complete elimination of the conventional heating system, and the use of collectors as building structures with parameters that do not reduce the thermal resistance of the fences. This solution is only possible with new construction, provided that a super-energy-efficient house is created. The search for solutions by repeatedly calculating the heat losses of a house in various designs in iteration mode allowed us to find almost the only option that achieves the goal. The ultra-high energy efficiency required for a home without heating is achieved only by implementing the complete package. Preliminary estimates have shown that the optimal size of a house with minimal heat losses and minimum cost sq.m is 11x(13-14) m with a usable area of ​​~200 sq.m, and the optimal size of a townhouse is 4 houses, with 4 garages at the edges, each for 2 cars (i.e. the 2 central houses do not have a direct entrance to the garage from the house), or there are 2 garages on the edges, and the central houses have one garage on the north side. The optimal size house was taken as the base one and all calculations were carried out for it. In the second stage of construction, significant deviations from the basic project are possible, up to exclusive houses, but this must be done based on the results of a natural experiment on optimal houses.

9. Frame house construction

Frame structures have become very widespread recently, although in fact, half-timbered houses have been built in Europe since time immemorial. The advantages of the frame structure are obvious: high speed of construction and the possibility of using multi-layer fences, which are much more effective in all respects than “single-layer” ones such as brick, wood, sibit, etc. It is proposed to install a wooden frame made of 50x200 boards on the foundation, secured with jumpers with non-combustible inserts, covered on top with a plastic film of precipitation. The frame is first covered with multilayer panels, which perform a load-bearing function, as well as heat accumulation, vapor barrier, and absorbent. In the proposed project, in the walls made of panels along the outer perimeter, the ratio will be 10, and for the main load-bearing central wall the ratio will be 8. Afterwards, a quick covering with wooden beams and profiled sheets is carried out without the use of equipment. The wooden frame is filled with insulation blocks. The outside of the frame is sheathed with OSB sheets (hardboard or plywood) and covered with a small gap with ceramic cladding - 40% hollow brick on the edge. Polyurethane foam is poured into the gap, ensuring good solidity of the wall and high thermal insulation properties. On the roof, the rafters are sheathed underneath with plywood. The sheathing is stuffed on top, 2 layers of waterproofing are applied and ondulin or metal tiles are laid, which is faster. All general construction operations are technologically advanced, do not require heavy equipment and highly qualified builders, and can be completed quickly, like on a conveyor belt. The described design ensures optimal operating conditions for the materials and guarantees their durability. With this house design, the load on the soil at a depth of 1.5 m (guaranteed below the freezing level) from the external walls is only 1-1.2 kg/cm2. For comparison: the usually permissible load in typical projects on medium soils is 2 kg/cm2. For the central wall, the base of which is not subject to freezing and into which the bulk of the soil is laid, the load is no more than 1.7 kg/cm2. Moreover, a wall made of a multilayer panel, unlike a brick wall, has the ability to relax external loads within certain limits without destruction, because Strength in stabilized soil is provided by adhesive forces between nanoparticles of clay minerals, to which adsorbed water contributes. A small but inevitable shrinkage will not affect the pace of construction and the quality of finishing work when choosing a frame structure of the “matryoshka” type and using a multi-layer panel for internal walls.

Costs for purchasing materials

480.0

Other direct expenses

transport

80.0

Total:

656.0

OVERHEADS

TARGET PROFIT

108.0

62.4

TOTAL

826.4

With Ondulin roofing - RUB 826,400.

With metal roofing - RUB 876,400.

With roofing soft tiles "Shingles" - RUB 846,400.

Weaknesses of the project

Relatively low costs of starting a business;

Demand for products;

Use of local building materials;

Optimal use of materials.

Lack of start-up capital and the need to attract credit funds;

Lack of professional and business experience;

High degree of competition.

Possibilities

Threats

Weakening competitors by improving product quality;

Improving business based on new technologies; Slide 2

Entrepreneurial idea Construction of low-budget individual houses for young professionals

Justification of the relevance of the idea This project is intended for the construction of houses in rural areas from environmentally friendly materials using local resources (which reduces the cost of the project), to attract young specialists to the village.

Floor plan

Interior decoration is made of natural materials

External wall External walls are made of multi-layer wood panels.

Smart windows With room temperature control, smart means adequately responding to changes in the outside world. Installation and operation of such windows is simpler and cheaper.

Conclusion The estimated cost of the house is 826,400 rubles. These are fairly low costs that increase the demand for these products.

Recently, innovative home heating systems are considered increasingly popular and in demand in private homes. This can be explained by the fact that any owner would like to calculate all heating costs as rationally as possible. If you save on energy, reducing the cost of heating your home will lead to more uncomfortable living conditions, and this is in no way acceptable.

This is the main reason that quite a few owners of private houses want to abandon the conventional air or water type heating system and switch to modern heating systems. Recently, heating has become increasingly popular, for which other alternative sources of thermal energy can be used - this is modern heating of a private house.

Operating principle of infrared heaters

When studying new technologies in heating, you can immediately pay attention to such a device as an infrared heater. Such a source of heat energy can be used for both local and widespread heating. This type of equipment is a device that is capable of emitting infrared waves in a certain range. Such waves easily pass through any air barrier and are capable of heating any object that is in close proximity to them.

For home use, the best models are those that operate on a 220V network. The main component of the device that emits heat is the heating element or open coil. Light waves come from the reflector, and this allows you to heat exactly the space or object at which the device is directed.

Ceiling IR heaters are often used to increase the temperature in rooms such as a garage, utility room, small warehouse and others.

In order to heat the walls of a room, ceiling or floor, you can use infrared innovative film-type heating systems. Such systems can be easily hidden under decoration.

Disadvantages and advantages of heating using IR devices

Such modern heating is considered the most suitable and profitable from the point of view of saving energy resources. The efficiency of such a heating system can rise to 95%, plus the room heats up quite quickly. This allows you to optimize all costs as efficiently as possible. One important point to remember is that such modern heating systems for private houses must be additionally equipped with automatic regulators operating on the basis of thermostats.

The infrared heating device is completely safe for both humans and the environment. It does not release toxins or other harmful substances.

Its main disadvantage is considered to be its rather high cost. If you need to install a heating system for the entire building, you will need to spend a lot of money. Of course, these new technologies for heating a private home will fully pay for themselves over time, but not everyone will agree to wait such a long period of time.

Geothermal systems

New heating systems for private houses make it possible to obtain energy that can be used not only for heating, but also for other purposes. The most popular way to obtain energy is the use of geothermal installations. Such installations work on the same principle as a heat pump. Heat is drawn from the ground, which is located in close proximity to the house.

A geothermal installation, as an innovation in home heating, has the following design: a heat pump is installed in the house, which will be fully responsible for pumping the coolant. It is necessary to lower the heat exchanger into the shaft located near the house. This heat exchanger will transfer groundwater to the heat pump. As they pass through the pump, they will lose some of their heat. This is because the pump will take the heat and use it to heat the house.

If geothermal innovative heating of a country house is needed, then the coolant should not be groundwater, but antifreeze. To do this, you will need to equip a tank designed for this type of coolant.

Hydrothermal installations

In order to obtain the necessary energy to heat a building, it is possible not to drill wells and mines, using new types of heating. This option is possible if there is even a small body of water near the house. Such a reservoir should not freeze to the very bottom during the cold winter months. Using such a reservoir, you can make modern home heating - a hydrothermal type installation, through which the necessary heat energy will be extracted from the water. In its design, such an installation is in many ways similar to a geothermal installation.

In order to equip such new heating systems, you will first need to mount a scrap heat pump. It will be responsible for moving the coolant through the pipes. Then we place a heat exchanger probe on the bottom of the reservoir. It will be primarily responsible for collecting heat. The operating efficiency of such a station directly depends on the size of the probe.

Solar panels. Operating principle of solar heating system

Solar heating can also be included in the list where all new technologies for heating a home are present. In this case, not only photovoltaic panels, but also solar collectors can be used for heating. Photovoltaic panels have practically gone out of use, since collector-type batteries have a much higher efficiency indicator.

The latest heating systems for a private home, which are powered by solar energy, include components such as a collector - a device consisting of a series of tubes, these tubes are connected to a reservoir that is filled with coolant.

According to their design features, solar collectors can be of the following varieties: vacuum, flat or air. Sometimes such modern heating systems for a country house may include a component such as a pump. It will be designed to ensure mandatory circulation along the coolant circuit. This will promote more efficient heat transfer.

In order for solar heating system technology to be most efficient, there are some rules that need to be followed. Firstly, such new technologies for heating a country house can only be used in regions where it is sunny at least 15-20 days a year. If this indicator is lower, then additional new types of heating for a private home must be installed. The second rule dictates that the collectors be placed as high as possible. They need to be oriented so that they absorb as much solar heat as possible.

The most optimal angle of the collector to the horizon is considered to be 30-45 0.

To prevent unnecessary heat loss, it is necessary to insulate all pipes that connect the heat exchanger to the solar collectors.

Thus, we see that the development of technology does not stand still, and new innovations in home heating are as necessary as the modernization of the equipment that we use every day.

Innovations in the heating system use something completely new and unusual for us - thermal energy from different sources.

Modern types of heating for a private house sometimes amaze the imagination, but in modern times each of us can already purchase or make such modern heating for a country house or private house with our own hands. What’s new in heating a private home is efficient systems that continue to develop the field of heating equipment, and we hope that all the most effective options are still to come.

The constant rise in heating prices encourages people to resort to alternative sources. Developments in this area make it possible to utilize natural resources such as sun, water and land. Also, new technologies are introducing entire home heating complexes.

Which heating system to choose? To answer this question, it is necessary to study all the features of the work and determine the conditions for proper functioning. Also an important factor is the profitability and feasibility of the chosen type.

Kinds

New technologies using alternative coolants are replacing those familiar to all gas and electric heating systems. There are four types of systems depending on the source:

• hydrothermal;
• geothermal;
• solar;
• infrared.

Let's take a closer look at them.

Hydrothermal

This method is based on the use of natural water. The necessary thermal energy will be extracted from it. If there is a lake or reservoir within reach of your home, then the task of installing equipment is greatly simplified. But this is rather an exception to the rule; in most cases it is necessary to drill wells to the groundwater level.

Operating principle

The installation can be divided into three components:

• outer contour;
• internal wiring;
• geothermal pump.

The outer loop is a pipe structure laid underground at the groundwater level. Their depth should be below the freezing depth. The external circuit represents the heating communications of the house.

The operating principle of the installation is as follows. The heat of groundwater is transferred to the coolant of the external circuit. Using a pump, it enters the heat exchanger. After which heat is transferred to the internal wiring. All installation difficulties can be avoided if there is a body of water nearby. The heat exchanger is immersed in water and connected to the heating. The area of ​​the reservoir must be at least 200 m².

Advantages of the device

The design has the following advantages:

• versatility - the system can work not only as heating, but also as cooling;
• low power consumption - it is only needed to power the pump and is about 1 kW per hour;
• fire safety is ensured due to the absence of combustion;
• high efficiency - from 1 kW of electricity the output is 5 kW of heat;
• ease of operation and maintenance.

The disadvantage is the high cost of the heat pump and equipment installation. For a house with an area of ​​100 m² and a power consumption of 5 kWh, installation of a heating system will cost approximately 440 thousand rubles. This calculation is taken for houses located within a radius of 50 meters from the reservoir into which the heat exchanger will be immersed.

Geothermal installation

Its operating principle is similar to the hydrothermal option. The difference is that the heat of the earth is used, not water.

Equipment Features

Laying the outer contour can be done both vertically and horizontally. The vertical arrangement is due to a number of difficulties during the installation process. For pipes it is necessary to drill wells to great depths. But there are two negative aspects associated with horizontal laying:

• a large area of ​​private land is required to accommodate the contour;
• it is impossible to plant plants because the collector will cool their roots.

In both cases, heat is taken directly from the soil near a private building. The geothermal pump responsible for pumping the coolant is located in the house itself. The shaft with the heat exchanger should be located in close proximity to the building.

Advantages of using earth's heat

This system has the following advantages:

• The thermal energy of the earth is an inexhaustible source of energy;
• autonomous operation of the system;
• absolute fire safety, no risk of fire;
• minimal energy consumption;
• there is no need for fuel delivery and storage;
• long service life.

The high cost of the object is the main disadvantage. A geothermal installation for the same square footage as in the previous case will increase to 600 thousand rubles.

Using solar energy for heating is the most inexpensive and accessible way. The main task is to convert sunlight into heat with minimal losses.

System design

The main element of such a system is the solar collector. This is a device consisting of tubes that lead to a coolant reservoir. There are vacuum, air and flat collectors. In addition to them, the composition includes the following units:

• heat exchanger;
• storage tank;
• pipeline;
• front camera.

A storage tank is a container with heated coolant. From the top of the container, liquid is supplied to the heating devices. After passing through the entire heating circuit, the cooled coolant again enters the tank.

The anterior chamber serves to prevent air retention in the heating pipeline. It is a tank that is located at the highest point of the system. Collectors must be installed at an angle of 35–40°. This slope will ensure maximum efficiency. To minimize heat losses, all pipelines leading from the collector to the heat exchanger must be insulated.

Advantages and disadvantages

It is worth noting the main advantages of a solar battery:

• high efficiency;
• long service life - more than 25 years;
• ease of maintenance;
• independence from low air temperatures.

But it is still better to use batteries as an additional source of heat for private homes. In winter, the sun's energy will not be enough to accumulate the required amount of heat. During periods of increased cloudiness, your home may also remain cold. New technologies make it possible to combine several types of heating into one complex, and solar panels can be combined with a geothermal installation or infrared radiation.

Disadvantages also include very high prices for solar collectors and equipment. To heat a 100 m² house, installing solar panels will cost approximately 900,000 rubles.

Infrared radiation

The essence of this method is to use the properties of infrared rays. The directed flow heats solid objects exposed to radiation, and they, in turn, increase the temperature of the air in the house.

Equipment Features

Infrared radiation can come from point elements or from surfaces. The required number of devices is calculated. Emitters can be of two types:

• portable;
• stationary.

Stationary radiators are fixed on the ceiling and walls in those places where heating is necessary. The mobile version on a support can be moved within a private home, it can even be used outdoors.

Infrared radiation can also come from surfaces. For this, a special film is used, which is located under the facing layer on the ceiling, walls and ceiling. This technology is new in the development of heating systems.

Advantages and disadvantages

The operation of infrared emitters is associated with both positive and negative aspects. The advantages include:

• quick heating of the room;
• economical energy consumption;
• possibility of moving the device;
• automatic adjustment of heating mode;
• use of a heat source in open areas;
• low cost of infrared equipment.

The purchase and installation of emitters for houses with an area of ​​100 m² can be limited to 30,000 rubles. If film infrared heating is provided, the starting cost threshold will be 160,000 rubles.

The disadvantages of an infrared heating system are that the devices must be located no lower than 1.5 meters from the floor level. This is necessary to ensure that the flooring of the house is not damaged. Prolonged operation of the emitter can lead to overheating.

All modern heating systems for private houses and other residential buildings can be divided into 2 groups. The first includes traditional heating methods, which use a single heat source - a boiler operating on one or more energy carriers. In this case, thermal energy is distributed throughout the premises through a coolant - water or air. Here, innovative solutions are aimed at improving heating equipment by increasing its heat output, as well as introducing modern automation equipment.

The second group should include all systems that use new heating technologies with energy-saving equipment. They do not involve the combustion of hydrocarbons; only electricity is used in heating the house. These are various solar systems, solar collectors and the latest types of electric heating. Despite all the attractiveness of these systems, most homeowners prefer heating private houses using traditional methods, and why is described in our article.

Evolution of traditional systems and boilers

In Soviet times, when no one was concerned about the cost of energy, heating equipment and systems were quite primitive, although they were made very reliably and lasted for many years. Now priorities have changed, modern energy-saving technologies have become relevant, allowing us to save constantly rising energy prices.

Thanks to this, traditional systems have become more perfect through the introduction of such solutions:

• increasing the efficiency of all boiler systems, excluding electric ones, since their efficiency is already very high (98-99%);
• the use of new materials and technologies for the manufacture of heating radiators;
• introduction of modern automation equipment that controls the operation of systems depending on weather conditions and time of day, including remotely;
• the use of low-temperature heating networks - water-heated floors with automatic heating control;
• implementation of heat recovery from exhaust air during air heating of buildings (recovery).

A striking example of energy-saving gas equipment are condensing boilers, where the most modern heat exchangers are installed. The fact is that when methane burns, water is formed, which immediately evaporates in the burner flame and thus takes away part of the heat generated. The heat exchanger of a condensing boiler is designed to cause vapor to condense and release this energy back. Due to this innovative solution, the efficiency of the heat generator reaches 96%.

Burner devices have also undergone changes; now they can independently dose the amount of fuel and air, as well as automatically change the combustion intensity. This also applies to solid fuel boilers that burn wood pellets. Thanks to the purity of this type of solid fuel, complete automation of the process and developed heat exchange surface, a modern pellet boiler can operate with an efficiency of up to 85%.

Increasing the efficiency of conventional wood-burning boilers for heating private houses can only be achieved by extracting heat from flue gases; the average figure for these units is 70-75%.

Modern heating devices are made from the best heat-conducting materials - aluminum alloy and steel, although retro-style cast iron batteries still have many fans. A real novelty in the field of heating are water baseboard convectors, made of copper plates and very efficiently transferring heat to the premises of a private home.

About warm floors and air heating

Widely used underfloor heating systems cannot be called all that new. But they have proven themselves to be very economical in practice, and here’s why:

• the coolant in the heated floor circuits heats up to no more than 45 °C;
• heating of the room occurs over the entire surface of the floor;
• the system is well controlled by modern automation tools;
• the heated screed retains heat for a long time after the heating is turned off.

Note. In addition to the fact that a warm floor effectively uses heat, it supplies it to the lower zone of the room, which is very comfortable for the people there.

Modern solutions in terms of air heating of buildings consist in not losing the heat spent on heating the ventilation air. Heat is removed from the exhaust air by special heat exchangers - recuperators. These are truly innovations in heating, since they are able to recover up to 80% of the expended energy and transfer it to the supply air, significantly saving energy.

Latest heating systems

An example of a fairly affordable and at the same time effective system, suitable for both a country house and an apartment, is an electric heated floor. By incurring relatively small expenses for the installation of such heating, you can provide your home with heat and not buy any boilers. There is only one drawback - the cost of electricity. But considering that modern underfloor heating is quite economical, and if you have a multi-tariff meter, this option may be acceptable.

For reference. When installing an electric heated floor, 2 types of heaters are used: a thin polymer film with applied carbon elements or a heating cable.

In southern regions with high solar activity, another modern heating system performs well. These are water-based solar collectors installed on the roof of buildings or other open areas. In them, with minimal losses, water is heated directly from the sun, after which it is supplied to the house. One problem is that collectors are absolutely useless at night, as well as in the northern regions.

Various solar systems that take heat from the ground, water and air and transfer it to a private home are installations that implement the most modern heating technologies. Consuming only 3-5 kW of electricity, these units are capable of “pumping” 5-10 times more heat from outside, hence the name – heat pumps. Then, using this thermal energy, you can heat the coolant or air, at your discretion.

An example of an air heat pump is a conventional air conditioner; their operating principle is the same. Only a solar system heats a country house equally well in winter and cools it in summer.

conclusions

It is a well-known fact: the more efficient an innovation in a heating system is, the more expensive it is, although it requires lower operating costs. Conversely, high-tech electric heating systems that are cheap to install force us to pay subsequently for the electricity consumed. Heat pumps are so expensive that they are inaccessible to most citizens of the post-Soviet space.

The second reason why homeowners gravitate towards traditional systems is the direct dependence of modern heating equipment on the availability of electricity. For residents of remote areas, this fact plays a big role, which is why they prefer to build brick stoves and heat their houses with wood.

Pop-Up House is an energy-saving passive house.

Heating residential buildings accounts for approximately one third of all energy consumption. Therefore, today, when building a house, its maximum thermal insulation is very important. Taking this factor into account, engineers from one of the architectural studios developed the concept of an energy-saving passive house.

Architectural project by MultiPod Studio.

Specialists from a French architectural studio MultiPod Studio The passive house project Pop-Up House was presented. It is a structure with very low energy consumption per square meter, less than 15 kW/m². This reduction is achieved by reducing heat loss at home.

Passive house assembly process.

Installation of the Pop-up house lasts only 4 days.

The architectural studio has patented a unique approach to the construction of passive structures that provide high thermal insulation at an affordable price. First of all, these are compactness, correct building geometry, tightness and proper ventilation.

Interior of a passive house.

The Pop-Up is assembled from insulating blocks covered with lightweight wood panels. Its installation takes only 4 days. The first Pop-Up prototype has already been built in the south of France. Low cost and high quality make this project quite competitive.