Both industrial large-scale and private, and even amateur farming is not complete without loosening the soil. In a flower bed with tulips or a bed of dill with an area of a couple square meters a hand chopper will successfully do this operation. A plot of ten acres (a hundredth is a plot of land one hundredth of a hectare with an area of 10 x 10 \u003d 100 m 2), sown, for example, with potatoes, will most likely require more powerful agricultural machines. And for loosening the soil, you need a harrow. Tooth or disk, home-made or factory-made, aggregated by a walk-behind tractor, horse traction or even human. The most common and simple type of harrows are tooth harrows.
It is not difficult to make such an agricultural tool with your own hands. It is important not to make a mistake with the size and weight, so that the harrow, instead of contributing to the crop, does not “bury” it. So, about everything in more detail.
Types of surface tillage. Treatment without seam turnover
There are few methods (types) of mechanical tillage. In different sources, they can be classified differently and differ in names. So, processing implies, in addition to compaction (rolling, slamming, pressing), three types of loosening:
Loosening the soil with the turnover of the reservoir;
Loosening without formation turnover;
Loosening with alignment.
When it comes to preparing the soil for the winter in middle lane In Russia, this is most often loosening with a turnover of the reservoir, or plowing. Various types of plow shares provide different results. So, a plow with a cylindrical surface of the plowshare wraps the layer partially, but breaks it along the entire length, providing good loosening along the way. But the screw share turns the layer exactly 180 °, keeping it almost unchanged and well planting weed seeds to a depth (where a significant part of them die due to removal from light and heat).
Some types of harrows also partially wrap the layer, for example, Zubovaya, her “relative” refers to agricultural implements that loosen with leveling.
Harrowing goals
What is harrowing used for? After all, there is plowing, cultivation. These agricultural practices loosen the subsoil layer, contribute to the air supply of the root systems of crops. And what can, in comparison with a plow or a chisel, a tooth harrow? Light processing of the surface itself, nothing more. But this kind of impact on the field is sometimes in demand.
A simple example. The field was plowed on loam, there was no rain for a week, but on the contrary, the sun heats the giant clods of earth formed during plowing, and the warm breeze drives out the remaining moisture from them. What happens if you just put grain seeders on such areas? Anything but sowing grain. Harvest with such agriculture is not worth waiting for.
If the lands are located on difficult heavy lands, after plowing the tooth harrow will work successfully. The heavy structure bristling with metal teeth will break heavy clods.
And already a flat surface, now consisting of lumps no larger than a few centimeters in size, will not dry out ahead of time and will be ready to give life to a new crop.
Classification of tooth harrows
Conventionally, a tooth harrow can be divided into three classes:
Heavy (one tooth of such an agricultural tool presses on the ground with a force of about 2-3 kg);
Medium (tooth pressure from 1 to 2 kg);
Light (no more than one kilogram - the pressure of the tooth of this harrow).
Recently, the classification has been rapidly changing due to the increasing use of aggregates for complex tillage. Such a machine wraps the layer in one pass, destroys it to lumps of a given size, levels the surface, and, if necessary, compacts it and even applies mineral fertilizers.
The use of various types of harrows
The most difficult soils from the point of view of agricultural technology are clays and loams. A heavy tooth harrow is used to break up clods after plowing (reverse plowing) or chiselling. The hitch of such implements is aggregated, as a rule, with tractors from the 2nd class and above.
Previously, the use of such couplings was a whole event. The hitch itself and the harrows included in it were delivered to the place of work in a trailer. It took several people to assemble all the links of agricultural implements together. Modern hydraulic tooth harrows are easily serviced by one machine operator. Right on the field, the harrow from the transport position, thanks to the presence of hydraulic drives, is transferred to the working position at the touch of a button.
Medium harrows work on light soils - sandstones and sandy loams. But the use of light harrows is associated more likely not with the type of soil, but with technology. With their help, “moisture closure” is most often performed - breaking the crust that forms after precipitation. This is done in order to destroy the tubules through which moisture was absorbed into the ground - to save water for plants.
Weed control is also carried out with the help of light harrows. Weeds that have just sprouted from the seed fall to the surface along with the roots and die from dehydration.
DIY harrow
The design of the tooth harrow is simple. The simplest agricultural tool for loosening and leveling the soil layer is made like a regular wooden grate. The distance between adjacent teeth, if we talk about small household plots, you can plan in the range from 100 to 200 mm.
The teeth can be inserted into the grid nodes in different ways:
The easiest way is to drive in nails of sufficient thickness, subsequently biting off the caps. Not the most The best decision in terms of reliability, it is suitable for light harrowing (weed control until the cultivated crop has risen, closing moisture).
Instead of nails, you can use thick self-tapping screws, and the unthreaded part remains outside, as a working area.
Pieces of reinforcement 8-12 mm, driven with a guaranteed interference fit into pre-prepared holes.
A metal harrow will be better and more reliable. As bars, you can use any available rental: angle, channel, pipes, etc. Just do not weld the teeth (pieces of steel reinforcement are most often used as them) directly to the surface of the harrow. Such a tooth is likely to break off quickly. Holes are pre-drilled in the rails, prepared rods are inserted and their exit points are scalded on both sides.
For areas with difficult terrain
You can make a tooth harrow with your own hands with a slightly more complex design. It will work perfectly as a light harrow for breaking capillary crust, as well as for killing weeds. A feature of its design is the articulation of the elements.
Such a tool will perfectly cope with weeding thanks to its segmental structure - not a single depression or bulge of the sown area will be left without the “attention” of its teeth.
toothed rotary harrow
Appeared in domestic crop production relatively recently. It is most often used in the cultivation of potatoes. After the passage of such a harrow, the farmer receives a regular bed of trapezoidal section. The harrow perfectly weeds out the weeds, remarkably loosens the soil. What is important, you can use it until the flowering of potatoes - the teeth of the rotors practically do not damage the stems of plants.
Another plus. Potatoes after the passage of the rotor are in the beds on a hill relative to the general level of the field. Due to this, since the ridges warm up better, earlier and more friendly crop shoots are provided.
Today there are many people living in countryside, have in their possession a certain land plot. In order to have a decent harvest from it, it is necessary to properly care for the soil. For these purposes, a person needs special equipment. For example, for soil treatment before planting, a device such as a disc harrow is very actively used. Let us dwell in more detail on its design and application for MTZ.
Description mounted disc harrow for MTZ 82 for tillage
A disc harrow is an agricultural unit that can become a worthy replacement for a cultivator, plow, cultivator. Thanks to this nozzle, it becomes possible to cultivate the land, in which the moisture level is not more than 25%. What it looks like and how to choose the right one is indicated in this article.
This type of hinged structure consists of a specific number of disks. Relative to the vertical main axis of the structure, they are concentrated at an angle. This is what allows you to adjust the depth in the ground and determine the angle of processing.
On the video - disc harrow for MTZ 82:
According to the design of the working part, this device can be divided into two types: hinged and mesh. You can learn about how the Polesie combine harvester is used from.
When the land is being cultivated, where there are many roots from previous plants, it is extremely profitable to buy a disc harrow designed for stone soil.
The mesh design is an old model, but it has already been tested by time. The basis of the product is made of a metal mesh, on which the teeth are attached in various ways. Mounting of the teeth can be different depending on the intended purpose. The teeth can be presented in a curved form, straight and as a spring element.
For a more correct distribution of fertilizer, loosening the earth with vegetation residues, it is necessary to use a harrow with discs that can increase the resistance of the soil surface to various kinds of erosion processes. It is also necessary to increase its absorption capacity.
Also, the presented devices, working in tandem with the MTZ 82 tractor, can be divided according to their intended use. and other information is given in the article.
field
They are used for cultivating the land after tilled activities. Certain models can be equipped with boxes that serve as ballast weights. Thanks to such measures, it is possible to process the soil to a sufficiently large depth.
Trailed garden for tractor
This type of construction is characterized by its light weight. Serve for processing soil between rows in the garden and in the vineyard. When using such a harrow, it is possible to loosen the ground to a depth of 10 cm, and other features of the unit are indicated in the article.
marsh
Processing can be carried out to a depth of 20 cm.
This type of device is actively used for disking on waterlogged soil and for processing virgin lands.
The disc harrow for installation on the MTZ 82 tractor is a device to which a battery with working parts is fastened. Soil cultivation is carried out with the help of steel discs, whose dimensions are 450-510 mm. It is steel discs that are the main working bodies of the harrow. and other technical data can be emphasized for yourself from the article.
If several such elements are placed on one axis, then it will be possible to get a battery. Its fastening is carried out using bushings. Due to this, while the tractor is moving, the battery will rotate.
On the video - trailed disc harrows for MTZ 82:
In most cases, the installation of a battery with disks is carried out in several rows. The plane of penetration of the device into the ground is called the angle of attack. Its value can be 1-20 degrees. It is necessary in order to determine the hardness of cultivated land. The harder it is, the larger this angle should be. You can find out how to make a manual potato hiller with your own hands.
The work of the disc harrow is carried out according to the following principle. The battery, which is mounted closer to the tractor, breaks up the soil. But the second battery closes it. To perform cultivation with maximum efficiency, it is necessary to achieve displacement of the disks of the front and rear battery relative to each other's axis. The tractor begins to move around the territory at a speed of 15 km / h. The disks, concentrated on the first battery, begin to open the earth layer to a certain depth. The soil rises, as the disk has a spherical structure, is moved aside and placed from a low height. And technical specifications equipment can be seen in the article.
The second way in a similar way returns the earth to its place. The result of such processing is turning over and grinding the soil. With an increase in the angle of attack, the disks will go into the ground to a greater depth.
Scope of application
Disc harrows are an indispensable thing in the life of many farmers. The main advantage of such products is versatility and high performance. It is possible to carry out processing to a depth of 3-5 or 18-25 cm. Based on this, we can conclude that the presented devices should be used with a variety of tillage technologies.
In most cases, such mechanisms are used for loosening the soil, harvesting, removing stubble, and crushing cocos of the earth.
There is also ancillary equipment, thanks to which it is possible to sow the crop. Thanks to this, the harrow becomes a modern seeder, which also combines a device for cultivating the soil. How to use manual cultivator for a summer residence, you can find out.
Today, most farmers confuse universal disc implements with classic ones. The second option is characterized by the presence of a rigid suspension system of the working element. Universal tools for soil cultivation in their design have a two-row parallel concentration of working elements, and all pairs are interconnected independently by a disk. Thanks to this, it is possible to achieve maximum passage of crop residues through the space between the discs. As a result, the degree of clogging is reduced, which makes the working element less vulnerable. Find out how to use the Mantis cultivator by.
The presented type of machines can also be equipped with a roller so that it can be used for further leveling the treated soil, closing moisture in it. Then the growth of sown crops will be much better.
Price
It should be noted right away that the cost of the presented devices is not so high. Therefore, every farmer can afford it. It will be possible to buy disc harrows for 44,000-98,000 rubles.
How to make homemade do it yourself
If you don't have extra Money to purchase a disc harrow, you can do it at home with your own hands. As the main material you can use:
- two inch pipe
- channel U100 welded into a square frame,
- wheels from an old Cossack,
- two wheels from a trailed KPS,
- harrows of medium size 5 pieces,
- rubberized belt.
On the video - do-it-yourself disc harrows (homemade):
Disc harrows are a unique design, thanks to which it is possible to cultivate the soil necessary for sowing crops and harvesting. In agriculture, without such a device is very difficult. In addition, poor-quality tillage will negatively affect crop yields. In our other articles, you can familiarize yourself with.
- the branch of the national economy, which is engaged in the cultivation of plants (plant growing) and animal breeding (livestock), is the leading branch of the agro-industrial complex of Russia (AIC). The agro-industrial complex includes industries that serve agriculture (agricultural engineering, equipment repair, production of mineral fertilizers, reclamation construction, etc.), industries that provide processing, storage, transportation and sales of products.
Designed for the destruction of weeds on light soils.
A homemade disc harrow consists of 4 batteries of 6 discs each. Made entirely from scrap metal. The frame is welded from pipes of a rectangular profile, to which the battery racks are screwed. In a similar factory design, 8 plates are installed, they are in the middle with square holes for the square shaft of the battery. the hole is broken to a round. After that, such a plate is thrown into scrap metal. It is from such unusable plates that this ploughshare is assembled. The broken hole in the plates is welded with round washers with a round hole in the middle x 35-40mm. Accordingly, the battery shafts are round. One side of the shaft is welded with a washer, a section of the shaft with a thread x 30mm is welded to the second side. The batteries are tightened with a nut. At the same time, a powerful spring, installed right there on the battery shaft, is clamped with the same nut. As a result, the nut tightening force and the spring compression force protect against turning the plate, which in total increases the service life of the unit as a whole by several times. It is a pity that the factories did not think of this before. 
There is no bearing assembly in the usual sense in this cultivator either. Here, a piece of pipe 10 cm long with a diameter of 110 mm is welded to the rectangular pipe of the battery rack, a spacer sleeve 2 mm longer is installed on the shaft in this place. On both sides, everything is limited in movement by washers of sufficient diameter. And inside, as a bearing, a piece of a plastic water pipe is inserted. In some farms, a machined wooden sleeve can be used as factory bearings, but the factory one does not last long anyway. To ensure better loosening of the soil, the batteries are located at a slight angle to each other. Using With this unit, I never plow the garden for the winter. In the West, this is called soil mulching, that is, mixing the top layer with various plant and other waste. However, once we also talked about non-moldboard technologies. 
To increase the efficiency of work, and consequently increase the yield, such attachments like harrows. Previously, horses were used to perform work on the ground, but today a harrow is hung on a walk-behind tractor (if the area is small) or to a tractor (if the area of the cultivated area is impressive). Therefore, a harrow for a walk-behind tractor is a very important device for any knowledgeable landowner, and if it is made by hand, then it is a source of pride. Let's tell you in more detail how harrowing is performed using a walk-behind tractor, and how to make this device yourself.
Types of harrows for a walk-behind tractor and their device
There are several types of harrows that differ structurally and have a number of special features.
- Rotary
- Disk
- Tooth
power harrow
As for the rotary harrow for a walk-behind tractor, its main advantage is the good removal of the top layer of soil (soil). Leveling the soil with it is also not a problem. The depth of processing with a harrow varies from 4 to 8 centimeters, the depth can be adjusted based on the specifics of the work.
The width of the harrow is also important, here not only the power of the walk-behind tractor is taken into account, but also the size of the cultivated area. Usually, this value is from 800 to 1400 mm. Such dimensions are due to be able to work comfortably, maneuvering in a small area.
Rotary harrows from honest manufacturers are made of high-quality metal alloy, allowing the equipment to operate for decades (with proper care and maintenance).
On quality harrows, the blade has an oblique shape, and the teeth are located at an angle to the soil, having optimal angle attacks, for better cutting through the ground, leveling it and removing weed roots.
disc harrow
A disc harrow is used on dry soil, functionally, it performs the same work as a rotary harrow, but it is fundamentally different in design. Here, the main processing elements are discs shaped like stars. They are mounted on the same axis at a certain angle, providing maximum penetration into the ground.
tooth harrow
A tooth harrow is a frame on which teeth are located at an equally spaced distance. The standard length of the teeth is 25-50 mm. An example of such a harrow can be seen in the video below.
Do-it-yourself harrow for a walk-behind tractor drawings
In order to make a harrow for a walk-behind tractor with your own hands, first of all, you need to study the design of the device, drawings and determine the dimensions.
What is a harrow made of?
The design of the harrow is quite simple, the frame is made of a metal square profile, the coupling device, which is credited to the harrow to the walk-behind tractor, and the teeth are mounted on the frame. It is recommended not to weld the teeth, but to fix them with bolts, then in case of breakage one of them will be easier to replace.
Below are drawings of harrows, giving an idea of the required dimensions, attachment points and the general layout.
Homemade harrow
An example of a homemade harrow made from two smaller harrows and rigidly connected to each other. For longitudinal travel, a hinge from a GAZ 53 car was used. In addition to the hinge and a standard hitch, the harrow clings with two rods to ensure better performance.
Harrow for motoblock Neva
One of the leaders among small agricultural machinery. A harrow for the Neva is no different from harrows for other devices, and you can buy them everywhere.
Here is an example of a rotary harrow for the Neva and other walk-behind tractors, whose shaft diameter is 30 mm.
Rotary harrow RB-1.4 (two sections, 0.7 m each) for the Neva walk-behind tractor.
Designed for pre-sowing and post-harvest tillage.
Capture width - 1.4 m;
Diameter - 350 mm;
Bushing bore diameter - 30 mm;
Depth of tillage - up to 100 mm;
Weight of one section - 9 kg;
Videos harrow
Rotary harrow mounted on the Neva walk-behind tractor in operation
Video about the device of the harrow, its dimensions and use with the SCH walk-behind tractor
Proper harrowing
People involved in agricultural activities have probably come across the concept of "discator". However, most farmers do not attach due importance to this type of equipment, preferring to use more familiar harrows for cultivating the land.
Let's see what is the advantage of diskers over similar types of trailed equipment.
Features and Benefits
What is a discator? This is a disc harrow, where a separate attachment post is used for each cutting element. This design allows you to completely eliminate the clogging of the cutting discs, which has a positive effect on productivity.
In addition, discators show good performance in conditions of high humidity and dense vegetation. The main purpose of this type of agricultural equipment is to prepare the land for sowing without prior plowing. 
It should be noted that the individual fastening of the discs allows you to fight weeds more efficiently, mixing the soil with plant residues. However, these are not the only advantages of PM.
Diskators can perform the following operations:
- Prepare the soil for planting all varieties of agricultural crops, including technical and fodder.
- Preparation of small contour plots and fields with complex geometry.
- Stubble peeling and formation of a mulching layer.
- Preparation for planting grassed areas of the field and land allotted for pastures and meadows.
It is worth noting that in one pass across the field, the disc harrow performs several operations at once: it crushes the soil, levels the surface and mixes the soil with weed residues.
At the same time, each of the installed discs has an individual adjustment that allows you to smoothly change the processing width or angle of attack.
Thanks to their versatility, disc harrows help save up to 12 liters of diesel fuel per cultivated hectare. Accordingly, this type of agricultural equipment pays off already in the second season of operation.
There are discators and design flaws. For example: a rigid version of the rack mounting often leads to mechanical damage to the hub.
To avoid breakdowns, it is necessary to lubricate the bearing regularly, which causes additional maintenance time.
It is characteristic that such problems are found only in Russian-made disk drives. Imported models use a spring-loaded rack mounting system.
Popular Models
In the domestic market of agricultural equipment, there are diskers designed to work with any tractors. Here is how discators for MTZ-82 are classified:
- For light tractors. Such models are designed for surface cultivation of the earth, to a depth of not more than 10 centimeters. The mass of the discator is about 800 kilograms per meter of the processed surface.
- For heavy vehicles. This category is best suited for processing neglected areas, fields after planting sunflower or corn. Discator models performed well in regions with arid climates. The cutting elements are usually mounted on spring-loaded or double-helix racks.
- For super heavy equipment. Such models are used to treat large areas subject to soil erosion. In addition, the equipment copes well with the processing of sod fields with complex geometry and relief. The structural weight of the diskator varies between 1,200-1,400 kilograms per meter of covered area.
Among the popular models are two-row trailed harrows PM 4 * 2 PKS and PM 5 * 2 PKS. These modifications are suitable for working with tractors of 3-4 traction class, with power from 130 to 170 hp. With.
The number of installed disks varies from 26 to 32, which gives a coverage area of 4.8 m. The earth is opened to a depth of 15 centimeters, please note that this parameter is adjustable, as well as the angle of attack of the disks.
The semi-mounted model BDK-2.5 stands out in terms of its performance. This modification ideal for deep loosening of the soil in drought conditions. The productivity of the unit is 3.5 ha, at an operating speed of 12 km/h. 
Please note that a more modernized BDK-3.5 disc cutter can be found on the market. This unit is used in difficult fields with a lot of vegetation. The productivity of the equipment is 4.2 ha/hour.
Mounted harrows of the APN series are popular among Russian farmers. The design of such models includes a mulching roller, which forms a moisture-retaining layer.
One more hallmark equipment is a rigid frame with 11-12 discs (depending on modification). The depth of tillage varies in steps from three to twelve centimeters, which makes it possible to cultivate fields with stubble. 
Please note that, depending on the intended purpose, discers can be divided into garden and field. The first category is intended for work in orchards and vineyards.
Among the features, one can single out the asymmetric arrangement of the cutting elements. The second group is suitable for processing large plots of land. To increase the ground pressure, each field model is equipped with boxes to accommodate the ballast weight.
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