Number pronouns in German. Relative pronouns. Personal reflexive and possessive pronouns

Pronouns (places) in German

As part of the speech of places. serves to replace a noun, proper noun or adjective in a sentence without naming them.

There are 9 main groups of pronouns in the German language. This:

1. Personal places. (Personalpronomen) are:

• 1st person – ich (I), wir (we)
• 2nd person: du (you), ihr (you), Sie (polite form of you)
• 3rd person: er (he), sie (she), es (it, this), sie (they)

Use of personal places:

Ich habe ein neues Buch gelesen. Es ist sehr interessant. – I read a new book. She is very interesting.

Nächstes Mal müsst ihr um 8 Uhr kommen. – Next time you should come at eight o’clock.

Personal places. Declined according to cases, however, in the genitive case they are used very rarely - only in cases where it is required by the control of individual verbs or adjectives.

For example: würdig (worthy)

Du bist ihrer nicht würdig. -You don't deserve her.

2. Possessive places. (Possessivpronomen) are derived from personal places. in the genitive case and answer the question “wessen?” (whose?):

ich (I) – mein (my)

du (you) – dein (yours)

er (he) – sein (him)

sie (she) - ihr (her)

es (it) – sein (it)

wir (we) - unser (our)

ihr (you) – euer (your)

Sie (You) – Ihr (Your)

sie (they) – ihr (them)

Possessive places. are placed before a noun and act as an article in a sentence. Thus, they are declined in the same way as articles (in accordance with the gender, number and case of the noun).

For example: Das sind meine Schwestern. - These are my sisters.

Ich gebe meiner Schwester einen Kugelschreiber. – I give my sister a pen.

Ich liebe meinen Mann. - I love my husband.

3. Refundable seats. (Reflexivpronomen) indicates the direction of action towards the subject. In German there are reflexive places. sich is inflected for persons, numbers and has two case forms – Dativ and Akkusativ (depending on the control of the verb).

For example: Ich kaufe mir ein neues Kleid. – I’m buying myself a new dress.

In third person places. sich does not change.

For example: Sie kauft sich ein neues Kleid. - She is buying herself a new dress.

4. Signposts. (Demonstrativpronomen) answer the question “welche (-s, -r)?” – “which (which, which)?”

To the index places. relate:

diese (dieser, dieses) – this (this, this)

jene (jener, jenes) – that (that, that)

solche (solcher, solches) – such (such, such).

Signposting places. in a sentence they stand before the noun and are declined according to numbers and cases like a definite article.

For example: Ich habe jenen Mann schon einmal gesehen. “I’ve already seen that man once.”

Often in colloquial speech with singular nouns the expression solch ein (such) is used. In this case, the first part does not change, but only the indefinite article ein is declined.

For example: Ich habe nie solch eine schöne Stadt gesehen! – I have never seen such a beautiful city!

5. Interrogative places. (Interrogativpronomen) in German are: wer, was, welche (-r, -s), was für.

Location wer and was are not used in the plural and do not change according to gender and have three case forms - Nominativ, Dativ and Akkusativ.

Eg: Wem gibst du dieses Buch? – Who are you giving this book to?

Was best du (von Beruf)? - What is your profession?

Location welche changes by gender and in all cases like the definite article.

For example: Nach welchem ​​Land fährst du? – What country are you going to?

Welche Gruppe gefällt ihr? – What group does she like?

6. Relative places. (Relativpronomen) are mainly used in complex sentences. Relative pronouns in German are: der (which), die (which), das (which), welche (which), die (which). Relative pronouns are declined by case and serve as allied words in subordinate clause.

For example: Der Junge, den Sie getroffen haben, ist mir bekannt. – The young man you met is familiar to me.

7. Uncertain places. (Indefinitpronomen), such as jemand (someone), etwas (something), man, alle (all), einige (some), wenige (some, some), serve as subject or object in a sentence. Unlike other indefinite pronouns, man is not translated into Russian and is used in indefinite personal sentences. Location man does not change its form (same as etwas).

For example: Man sagt, sie kocht am besten. “They say she cooks better than anyone.”

8. Impersonal places. es does not change and is used in the 3rd person singular. numbers in impersonal sentences. Most often, es is used to denote weather and natural phenomena.

For example: Es schneit (it is snowing), es regnet (it is raining), es ist heiß (it is hot), etc.

9. To negative places. (Negativpronomen) include kein (none), niemand (no one), nichts (nothing). Location kein changes according to gender, number and case and is used only with nouns.

For example: Ich habe keinen Freund. - I do not have a friend.

Location nichts, niemand are used only in the 3rd. face units the numbers don't change.

For example: Niemand versteht mich. - Nobody understands me.

Ich kann nichts finden. - I can't find anything.

Possessive pronouns answer the question "whose?" and indicate belonging ( my answer; our work, etc.). As in Russian, all personal pronouns in German have corresponding possessives; you need to remember them:

Note that ihr (Ihr) means both “ee” and “their” (“your”).

In Russian, in addition to the listed possessive pronouns, there is one more possessive pronoun mine(own). It is “universal”, i.e. can be used instead of any other possessive pronoun.

I'm visiting theirs (=my) parents every week. My friend visits often theirs (=his) parents. you are visiting yours (=yours) sick friend?

In German there is no such “universal” possessive pronoun. Therefore the value "mine" in German conveyed by one of the possessive pronouns listed above, namely, those which corresponds to the subject's face.

For example:

Ich besuche meine Eltern jede Woche. Mein Freund ( er)besucht seine Eltern oft. Besuchen Sie Ihren kranken Freund?

Task 1. Indicate: a) in which of the following sentences the Russian pronoun “your” corresponds to the German ihr (Ihr):

1. She will finish her work in a month. 2. I haven’t seen my sister for a long time. 3. Do you do your homework in the evening? 4. Oleg helps his family. 5. After college, friends will go to their home village.

b) what possessive pronouns should be used in the remaining sentences.

You can also read about possessive pronouns

Personal pronouns in German

Personal pronouns can be not only the subject of a sentence ( compare: Ich lese Deutsch. Er spricht gut.). They can also answer the questions “to whom?”, “whom?”, i.e. be a complement. You need to remember their forms:

Task 2. Indicate which personal pronouns in German can be used instead of the highlighted ones, and how the meaning of the following sentences will change:

1. Geben Sie mir bitte diesels Buch! 2. Ich sehe Sie oft in der Bibliothek.

Please note that in Russian, personal pronouns of the 3rd person answer the question “whom?” ( his, ee, their) coincide with possessives ( his, ee, their).

I see his often ( whom? - "his" - personal pronoun ).

I see often his sister ( whose sister? - "his" - possessive pronoun ).

There is no such coincidence in German.

I see his often. - Ich sehe ihn oft.

I see often his sister. - Ich sehe seine Schwester oft.

Therefore the words "his", "ee", "their" in various functions correspond different words German language:

him - who? - ihn, whose? - sein
ee - who? - sie, whose? - ihr
them - who? - sie, whose? - ihr

Task 3. Indicate which sentences need to be used when translating: a) the pronoun sie; b) pronoun ihr:

1. My sister Olga and her husband Nikolai live in Moscow. 2. I love her very much. 3. She has been working at school for many years. 4. Their children - Misha and Tanya - are already big. 5. They have their own families. 6. Now I see them often.

Keys to assignments on the topic “Possessive and personal pronouns in German”

1. a) 1; 3; 5. b) mein; 4.sein.

2. 1. ihm; ihr; uns; ihnen. 2.ihn; dich; sie; euch.

The class of relative (relative) pronouns (places) in German is represented by the pronouns der (its generic forms die, das and the plural form die) and welcher (respectively welche, welches, welche).

It should be noted that places. der is preferable and is used much more often than welcher, since it is considered more euphonious and stylistically correct. Therefore, in this article we will focus on it.

Always begin with relative clauses (Relativsätze). As a rule, such sentences are used to avoid lexical repetitions. It is important to know that gender and number are relative places. determined by the gender and number of the noun in the main clause.

Mein neuer Kollege heißt Peter. Er kommt aus München. → Mein neuer Kollege, der Peter heißt, kommt aus München.

Meine Tante hat kürzlich geheiratet. Sie fährt bald mit ihrem Mann ins Ausland. → Meine Tante, die kürzlich geheiratet hat, fährt bald mit ihrem Mann ins Ausland.

Er hat mir das Buch geschenkt. Ich habe es noch nicht gelesen. → Das Buch, das er mir geschenkt hat, habe ich noch nicht gelesen.

Die kinder spielen draußen. Sie sind meine Neffen. → Die Kinder, die draußen spielen, sind meine Neffen.

Particularly difficult is... subordinate places. represents the case of the relative pronoun. It depends on and is controlled by the verb in the subordinate clause.

First, let's look at the declination table. pronouns. It is very similar to the declension of definite articles, the differences appear only in the Genitive case.

Die Eltern haben dem Sohn ein Fahrrad gekauft. Er hat von dem Fahrrad geträumt. → Die Eltern haben dem Sohn das Fahrrad gekauft, von dem er geträumt hat. (the verb träumen is used with the preposition von + Dativ, respectively, the relative place. stands after the preposition in the Dative case – von dem).

Ich habe mir gestern den Film angeschaut. Wir haben über ihn viel geredet. → Ich habe mir gestern den Film angeschaut, über den wir viel geredet haben. (the verb reden is used with the preposition über + Akkusativ, therefore the form of the place with the preposition is über den).

Bald commen die Ferien . Meine Kinder freuen sich schon auf sie. → Bald kommen die Ferien, auf die sich meine Kinder schon freuen. (the reflexive verb sich freuen is used with the preposition auf + Akkusativ, respectively, the construction auf sie is used in the subordinate clause).

Der Mann wandte sich an die Polizei. Sein Auto wurde gestohlen. → Der Mann, dessen Auto gestohlen wurde, wandte sich an die Polizei. (the possessive place. sein in the subordinate relative clause corresponds to the Genitive case form dessen).

However, in some cases, seats are preferable. welcher – it helps to avoid lexical repetitions:

Mein Kollege, der der schwierigen finanziellen Lage nicht gewachsen war, hat sich umgebracht. → Mein Kollege, welcher der schwierigen finanziellen Lage nicht gewachsen war, hat sich umgebracht.

In general, both options are possible (one cannot say that one of them is wrong), but from the point of view of the so-called beautiful German (schönes Deutsch) the sentence sounds better from the seats. welcher.

Die Frau, der der Wagen gehört, ist weggegangen. → Die Frau, welcher der Wagen gehört, ist weggegangen.

Das Kind, das das Waschmittel zufällig geschluckt hat, wurde zum Krankenhaus gebracht. → Das Kind, welches das Waschmittel zufällig geschluckt hat, wurde zum Krankenhaus gebracht.

Meine Freunde, die die Kinder haben, können sich keinen Urlaub im Ausland leisten. → Meine Freunde, welche die Kinder haben, können sich keinen Urlaub im Ausland leisten.

When using the case forms of this place. pay attention to the Genitive case - it does not exist as such. In the Genitive case, forms of the pronoun der are used.

Meaning pronouns in German very large. Often they can replace a noun, adjective, numeral, article. In a sentence, a pronoun can act as the subject. Using pronouns, interrogative or impersonal sentences and negations are made. This topic is quite extensive and requires in-depth study. Master pronouns in German The table will help.

Personal pronouns in German

Personalpronomen

_________
* Sie - polite form of you

Declension of personal pronouns

For example:

Ich warte auf dich. I'm waiting for you.
Ich (I) - nominative case.
Dich (you) is the accusative case of the pronoun du (you).

Ihm gefällt Deutschland.He likes Germany.
Ihm (to him) is the dative case of the pronoun er (he).

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronoun in German- this is nothing more than the genitive case (Genetiv) of personal pronouns. It is formed as follows:

For example:

Ich liebe deine Schwester. I love your sister.
Ich is a personal pronoun.
Deine is a possessive pronoun.

Indefinite pronouns in German

Indefinite pronouns include pronouns such as: jemand, etwas, einer, mancher, alles, irgendein and others. This group can also include the indefinite personal pronoun man. In a sentence, they act as the subject or object (all except man, which is only the subject).

For example:

Alles ist in Ordnung. Everything is fine.
Sie muss etwasändern. She must change something.
Man kann dieses Fahrrad reparieren. This bike can be fixed.

Relative pronouns in German

Performing the function of a connective word, relative pronouns are used in complex sentences.

Das ist die Frau, deren Auto vor dem Haus steht. This is the woman whose car is parked in front of the house. This is a woman whose car is parked in front of the house.

Relative pronouns include: wer, was, welcher, der. The pronouns der, das, die are formed as follows:

Demonstrative pronouns in German

In a German sentence, demonstrative pronouns most often act as a determiner, however, in some cases they can take on the role of subject or object. The majority of demonstrative pronouns are inflected in the same way as the definite article.

Demonstrative pronouns in German include:
Dieser(this), der(That), jener(That), solcher(such), derselbe(the same), selbst(himself), etc.

For example:

Dieses Buch mast mir spaß. This book gives me pleasure.
Dieses (this) - demonstrative pronoun, s.r., im.p.
Mir (to me) - personal pronoun, date pad. from ich.

The topic “Pronouns in German” is very extensive. In this article we looked at only some of the most basic types of pronouns and ways of their declension.

sich myself

Indefinite pronouns (Indefinitpronomen)

Indefinite personal pronouns

man
Man sag...= They say...

Negative pronouns (Verneinende Pronomen)

Impersonal pronoun (das unpersönliche Pronomen)

Es regent. It's raining.
Wie geht es dir? How are you?
Es ist kalt. Cold.
Es gibt... Available...

Personal reflexive and possessive pronouns

Personal pronouns

Reflexive pronouns (Reflexivpronomen)

Possessive pronouns (Possessivpronomen)

Wessen? Whose? Whose? Whose?

Demonstrative interrogative and relative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns (Demonstrativpronomen)

Interrogative pronouns (Interrogativpronomen)

Relative pronouns (Relativpronomen)