"African Agriculture" - Zimbabwe. Egypt. Comoros Islands. Mozambique. Population: Central and Southern regions of Cameroon. Features of economic development. Tunisia. Lesotho. North African Province Territory: Uganda. Territory: South Africa. Swaziland. North Africa. South Africa. Botswana. The traditions of nomads are preserved in the custom of sitting, eating and sleeping on the floor.
“Lesson 7th grade Africa” - Summarize the knowledge gained about the continent. What country are we talking about? 5. Plateau. Egypt. Ethiopian. 8. Ocean. The Republic of the Congo is a state in Africa, a former colonial possession of France. The main population of the country is Arabs. Victoria is a lake in East Africa, in the territory of Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Western.
“Features of the geographical location of Africa” - Plan for describing the continent’s FGP. Lesson topic. Climatic zones of Africa. The longest river in the world flows in Africa. Seas and oceans washing Africa. Working in contour maps. Geographical location of the continent of Africa. Geographical location of Africa. Introduction to the mainland FGP. Do the crossword puzzle. Map of the continent's characteristics.
"Africa Geography Lesson" - Product sizes. Transport system of Africa. Africa. The largest country in Africa by population... Choose a direction to study Africa. 4% of world GDP. Libya. Geography of crop and livestock production. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10. Levels and forms of urbanization General conclusion and prospects.
“Continent of Africa” - The continent is washed by the Atlantic and Indian oceans, the Mediterranean and Red seas. Egypt is a country of orange sunsets, enveloping winds with the smell of the desert, the incredible beauty of the underwater kingdom of the Red Sea, the land of pyramids and pharaohs imbued to the roots with the spirit of Africa... Africa is usually divided into three parts: Northern, or Arabian, Tropical (sub-Saharan, located south of the Sahara Desert) and South.
“Geography “Africa” 7th grade” - Velvichia is the smallest tree on the planet. Physical education minute. Equatorial Africa before a thunderstorm. The tsetse fly causes sleeping sickness. Endemic - found only in Africa. The Drakensberg Mountains rise in southeast Africa. Optional: Write a story with geographical errors “Journey through Africa.”
There are a total of 27 presentations in the topic
Egypt is one of the oldest civilizations that arose in the northeast of the African continent along the lower reaches of the Nile, where today the modern state of Egypt is located. The creation of civilization dates back to the end of the 4th millennium BC. e. the time of the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the rule of the first pharaohs. The name of the country Egypt came to Europe from the ancient Greek language (Ancient Greek Αγυπτος, aigyuptos, in Reuchlin’s, at that time the most common reading, éhypnos), where it was the transfer of “Hi-Ku-Pta” (lit. “House of Ka Pta”) Egyptian name for Memphis.
The population of Egypt was made up of local tribes of North and East Africa, which laid the foundation for the ancient Egyptian people. Later, it included newcomers from the tropical part of the continent, most of whom were natives of North-West Africa, who left their lands due to the drying out of the soil. As a result, representatives of various tribal associations mixed in the Nile Valley. This fact has been proven by studies of the anthropological type of the ancient Egyptians. Moreover, this assimilation did not always occur peacefully; in some places it did not happen without clashes, bloody wars and enslavement. Elements of this mixture are found not only in nearby, but also in remote areas of the African continent.
During the period of the slave system, all inhabitants of Ancient Egypt were divided into three main classes: 1) slave owners 2) slaves 3) peasants Slave owners had lands, slaves, tools, herds of livestock, gold. Slaves had nothing and themselves belonged to slave owners. Peasants could have small plots of land, tools, and some livestock.
The main occupation of the population of Ancient Egypt was agriculture and cattle breeding. There were favorable conditions for agriculture in Egypt, since the Nile River fed vast expanses of land with water. But dams and canals were required to retain water on the surface of the earth and distribute it evenly throughout the country. The colossal labor of several generations was spent on creating the structures necessary for artificial irrigation. Even before the formation of the Old Kingdom, agriculture successfully developed in Egypt. During the period of the Old Kingdom, the population began to engage in cattle breeding. Crafts are also developing, although tools are still made from copper and stone. Bronze appears during the Middle Kingdom, but its widespread use occurs in the New Kingdom. Iron products appeared in the New Kingdom.
Pyramid The Egyptian pyramid is the greatest architectural monument of Ancient Egypt, including one of the “seven wonders of the world”, the Pyramid of Cheops. Pyramids are huge pyramid-shaped stone structures that were used as tombs for the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. The word "pyramid" is Greek. According to some researchers, a large pile of wheat became the prototype of the pyramid. According to other scientists, this word comes from the name of a pyramid-shaped funeral cake. A total of 118 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt. Pyramid of Giza
The Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) is the largest of the Egyptian pyramids, the only one of the “Seven Wonders of the World” that has survived to this day. It is assumed that construction, which lasted twenty years, began around 2560 BC. e. Dozens of Egyptian pyramids are known. On the Giza plateau, the largest of them are the pyramids of Cheops (Khufu), Khafre (Khafre) and Mikerin (Menkaure). The architect of the Great Pyramid is considered to be Hemiun, the vizier and nephew of Cheops. He also bore the title "Manager of all Pharaoh's construction projects." For more than three thousand years (until the construction of the cathedral in Lincoln, England, around 1300), the pyramid was the tallest building on Earth. Height (today): 138.75 m Angle: 51° 50" Length of the side face (originally): 230.33 m (calculated) or about 440 Royal cubits Length of the side face (now): about 225 m Length of the sides of the base of the pyramid: south 230.454 m; north 230.253 m; west 230.357 m; east 230.394 m. Base area (originally): m² (5.3 ha) Pyramid area: (originally) m² Perimeter: 922 m. Height (today): 138.75 m Angle: 51° 50" Length of the side face (originally): 230.33 m (calculated) or about 440 Royal cubits Length of the side face (now): about 225 m Length of the sides of the base of the pyramid: south 230.454 m; north 230.253 m; west 230.357 m; east 230.394 m. Base area (originally): m² (5.3 ha) Pyramid area: (originally) m² Perimeter: 922 m.
For the first time, a standing army in the form of military settlements began to form in the era Old Kingdom. For their service, soldiers received land plots. The main weapon was a simple bow and arrow, equipment could also consist of a mace, a copper battle axe, a spear with a stone tip, a dagger made of stone or copper, wooden shield, covered in leather and a leather helmet. The only branch of ground forces was infantry. The army consisted of militia and Nubian auxiliaries. Already during this period, formations in ranks were used. When storming fortresses, assault ladders were used, and gaps in the walls were made with crowbars. During the campaign, the army was divided into several detachments moving in columns. The main military unit was a unit that had its own banner and consisted of 200 warriors during the 19th dynasty. During the siege, a “turtle” formation was used, when the warriors were covered with shields from above. When stopping on long campaigns, the soldiers set up a camp; the donkeys accompanying the army usually carried their camp luggage.
The ancient Egyptians placed great importance on personal hygiene and appearance. They washed themselves in river waters and used soap in the form of a paste of animal fats and chalk. To maintain cleanliness, men shaved their entire bodies and used perfumes that repelled unpleasant odors, and ointments that soothe the skin. Clothing was made from simple bleached lengths of linen, and upper-class men and women wore wigs and jewelry. The Egyptians entertained themselves with music and games, such as the sonnet. Juggling and ball games were popular among children, and evidence of the popularity of wrestling has also been found. Rich people practiced hunting and boating.
Among the achievements of the ancient Egyptians were mining, field surveying and construction techniques used in the construction of monumental pyramids, temples and obelisks; mathematics, practical medicine, irrigation, agriculture, shipbuilding, Egyptian faience, glass technology, new forms in literature and the oldest known peace treaty. Egypt has left a lasting legacy. His art and architecture were widely copied, and his antiquities were exported to all corners of the world. Its monumental ruins have inspired the imagination of travelers and writers for centuries. New interest in antiquities and archaeological excavations in the 19th century led to the scientific study of Egyptian civilization and a greater understanding of its cultural heritage for world civilization.
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Africa – the cradle of world civilization
Lesson - presentation in grade 11. Purpose of the lesson: to give general characteristics region, to form an idea of internal differences.
model of communication in a lesson class teacher student
Business card of the region Create a business card of the region, based on your previously acquired knowledge of the mainland
Business card of the region (one of the options) Nile monoculture Sudan the hottest continent pyramids gold, diamonds, platinum Sahara region with the highest birth and death rates pygmy colonies
Geographical warm-up A river that crosses the equator twice? Mountains in the northwest of the mainland? A canal connecting two seas and two regions? The largest island adjacent to the mainland? What natural area do these animals live in?
Stage 1 – EGP, formation of territory, composition of the region (work in pairs) Tasks in rows: 1st row – evaluates the EGP of the region 2nd row – explores the history of the formation of the territory (possibly an advanced task – student’s performance) 3rd row – studies the composition of the region, filling out the diagram: composition of the region according to the EGP by state. ranked by level of development by area Give examples of countries
Stage 2: formation of ethnological composition Which peoples mainly inhabit the continent?
Features of the modern population of Africa: The complexity of the ethnic composition (300-500 peoples) - the largest Arabs, Hausa, Amhara, Yoruba; More than 1/2 of the population belongs to the Niger-Kordofanian language family, 1/3 to the Afroasiatic family, the population of European origin is a little more than 1%; High population growth rates, except for South Africa (38‰ - 14‰ = 23‰) – polygamous and early marriages, large families; More than 50% of the population are people under 20 years of age; Multinational states predominate; The rural population predominates (70%). The most urbanized country is South Africa (90%); “Urban Explosion” The population is unevenly distributed; Religions – Islam, Christianity, tribal religions; Migration outflow to Europe, America; Interethnic conflicts (South Africa)
Stage 3 – natural resources and economy (p/w - work with atlases and a textbook, fill out the table): prerequisites for the economic sector
prerequisites industries mineral mining, petrochemistry, metallurgy forest forestry and wood processing agroclimatic and land agriculture, textile, food recreational tourism
Features of the economy of the “dark continent” Backwardness. The reason is the colonial past. The colonial structure of the economy, its features: The predominance of small-scale, low-productivity economy; Poor development of the manufacturing industry; Significant transport backlog; One-sided economic development (monoculture); Limitation of the non-productive sphere to trade and services. The economy is defined by two groups of industries: Mining industry Tropical and subtropical agriculture
Measures to overcome backwardness: Nationalization of natural resources Agrarian reform Economic planning Personnel training
Stage 5 - reflection Algorithm for writing a syncwine: In the first line, the topic is called in one word (noun) In the second line, a description of the topic in two words (adjective) In the third line, a description of the action within the topic (three verbs) The fourth line is a phrase of four words, showing your own attitude to the topic. The fifth line is a repetition of the essence, a one-word synonym.
the continent is ancient, backward, colonized, develops, attracts the Nile - the longest river in Africa
Stage 4 (lesson 2) – internal differences in the region ( practical work) - work with the textbook text, atlas Comparison features North Africa West Africa East Africa Central Africa South Africa 1) EGP 2) Characteristics of the population - ethnic composition - urbanization - density 3) Natural resources 4) Agriculture 5) Industry 6) Transport 7) Recreational economy
Homework: On a contour map, indicate the countries that export mineral raw materials of global importance: oil, copper, iron ore, gold and diamonds; Designate major seaports
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Review of ancient and medieval history of Africa Compiled by Kazantseva L.V. Teacher of GBPO SO KUPedK
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Africa - the ancestral home of humanity Africa is considered the birthplace of man. The remains of the oldest species of the genus Homo were found here. Of the eight species of this genus, only one survived - Homo sapiens, and in small numbers (about 1000 individuals) began to spread throughout Africa approximately 100,000 years ago. And from Africa people migrated to Asia (about 60,000-40,000 years ago), and from there to Europe (40,000 years), Australia and America (35,000-15,000 years).
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Olduvai Gorge - an area of many finds prehistoric period. Archaeologists Louis and Jonathan Leakey in the gorge during the 30-60s. In the 20th century, large-scale excavations were carried out, and the most important discoveries, some of which became a significant step in the study of human origins, were made in 1959-1963. In particular, the remains of Homo habilis (over 2 million years old) were found, which resembled Australopithecus monkeys, but had already crossed the line that separated man from the animal kingdom. An Australopithecus skull, broken bones of hunted animals, and very crude stone tools dating back to the ancient Paleolithic era (the so-called Olduvai culture) were also discovered. The overlying layer (an antiquity of 1.4-1 million years) contained, in addition to stone tools, the bones of people who occupied an intermediate position between Homo habilis and Pithecanthropus. In the gorge there is the Olduvai Goj Museum of Anthropology and Human Evolution, which displays the remains of the predecessors of modern man, the remains of prehistoric animals, and mammoth tusks.
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Some of the oldest examples of hominid skulls. Skull of Australopithecus africanus. Brain volume 520 cm3. The large front part is not very forward. The supraorbital ridges are not very large. Skull of Australopithecus Beuys. Brain volume 530cm3. A very large front part pushed far forward. Very large supraorbital ridges. Skull of Homo habilis. Brain volume 680 cm3. The small front part is not very forward. Small supraorbital ridges. Thus, the size of the brain is approximately two and a half times smaller than the brain of modern people. But he was the same size as us, 1.8-1.7 meters tall, and nature did not offend this hominid with a weight of 65-80 kg.
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The most famous drawings of the primitive era are in the French Lascaux cave and Kapova cave in the Urals, on the Tassili rocks in Africa. Stone Age artists were great at making individual drawings, but did not learn how to assemble them into large paintings where everything is connected general meaning. They also did not like to draw people; they only willingly painted images of animals.
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Artifacts ancient history African Rock paintings in Tassili-i-Ajer in the Algerian Sahara Ajer.IV millennium BC. Image of an archer. Tassili-i-Ajjer. Ajer.IV millennium BC.
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Negoid type Characterized by: different heights, elongated limbs (especially arms), dark skin, curly hair, wide flat nose, thick lips, prognathism. Distributed in Africa, south of the Sahara. Prognathism involves protruding jaws, in addition, the lower jaw lacks a mental protuberance. These features create a sharp facial angle.
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The capoid race is a small Bushmen race within the large African Negroid race. Currently inhabits desert and semi-desert regions of South Africa.
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Pygmies (Greek Πυγμαϊοι - “people the size of a fist”) - a group of short Negroid peoples living in the forests of tropical Africa. Mentioned already in ancient Egyptian inscriptions of the 3rd millennium BC. e., at a later time - in ancient Greek sources (in Homer’s Iliad, Herodotus and Strabo).
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The Ethiopian race has some similarities with the Negroid group, but in terms of the structure of the facial skeleton, the Ethiopian group differs sharply from the Negroid race. The skin color, although brown with a reddish tint, is usually lighter than that of black peoples, although some groups of the Ethiopian race have some of the darkest skin tones in the world, curly hair usually does not reach the curliness characteristic of blacks, full lips do not so swollen as in representatives of the Negroid race.
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Berbers (self-name Amazigh, Amahag - “man”; Kabyle Imaziɣen) is the common name for the indigenous inhabitants of northern Africa conquered in the 7th century by Arabs and converted to Islam from Egypt in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west and from Sudan in the south to the Mediterranean city in the north. Population 11.52 million people (1992). They speak Berber-Libyan languages. By religion they are mainly Sunni Muslims.
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The Zulus (Zulu amaZulu, English Zulus) are an African people of about 10 million people, living mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in the Republic of South Africa. Small groups of Zulus also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia and Mozambique. The Zulu language belongs to the Nguni group of the Bantu family. The Zulu Kingdom played an important role in the history of what is now South Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries. During the apartheid era, the Zulus in South Africa, as the largest ethnic group, were treated as second-class citizens.
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The Maasai are a semi-nomadic African people living in the savannah of southern Kenya and northern Tanzania. The Maasai are perhaps one of the most famous tribes in East Africa. Despite the development of modern Civilization, they have almost completely preserved their traditional way of life, although this is becoming more difficult every year. They speak the Maasai language.
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Africa is the birthplace of many unique civilizations. In the 6-5th millennium BC. e. In the Nile Valley, agricultural cultures developed (Tassian culture, Fayyum, Merimde), on the basis of which in the 4th millennium BC. e. Ancient African civilization emerges Ancient Egypt. To the south of it, also on the Nile, under its influence the Kerma-Cushite civilization was formed, which was replaced in the 2nd millennium BC. e. Nubian (Nabata), which flourished during the period of the Meroitic kingdom (VI century BC - IV century AD). On the ruins of the latter, the states of Aloa, Mukurra, the Nabatean kingdom and others were formed, which were under the cultural and political influence of Ethiopia, Coptic Egypt and Byzantium. In the north of the Ethiopian Highlands, under the influence of the South Arabian Sabaean kingdom, the Ethiopian civilization arose: in the 5th century BC. e. The Ethiopian kingdom was formed by immigrants from South Arabia; in the 2nd-11th centuries AD. e. There was an Aksumite kingdom, on the basis of which the medieval civilization of Christian Ethiopia was formed (XII-XVI centuries). These centers of civilization were surrounded by pastoral tribes of Libyans, as well as the ancestors of modern Cushitic and Nilotic-speaking peoples.
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Ancient evidence of the occupation of the population In the Sahara, which was then a fertile territory, groups of hunters and fishermen lived, as evidenced by archaeological finds. Numerous petroglyphs and rock paintings dating back to 6000 BC have been discovered throughout the Sahara. e. until the 7th century AD e. The most famous monument of primitive art in North Africa is the Tassilin-Ajjer plateau. Monuments of rock art are also found in Somalia and South Africa (the oldest drawings date back to 25,500 BC). The oldest archaeological finds indicating grain processing in Africa date back to the thirteenth millennium BC. e. Cattle raising in the Sahara began ca. 7500 BC e., and organized agriculture in the Nile region appeared in the 6th millennium BC. e.
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Development of crafts and trade in sub-Saharan Africa in the 1st millennium BC. e. Iron metallurgy is spreading everywhere. This contributed to the development of new territories, first of all - tropical forests, and became one of the reasons for the settlement throughout most of Tropical and Southern Africa of peoples speaking Bantu languages, pushing representatives of the Ethiopian and Capoid races to the north and south.
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Proto-states of ancient Africa The current level of our knowledge allows us to state with complete certainty that nowhere in Africa south of the Sahara before the turn of the 7th-8th centuries. n. e. societies with antagonistic classes did not develop and that only after the appearance of Arabs in North and East Africa did the peoples of sub-Saharan Africa become acquainted with writing.
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Relatively speaking, the most ancient civilizations, the formation of which coincided with the transition to the Iron Age throughout sub-Saharan Africa, were formed in several main regions that were separated by vast distances: Western Sudan and adjacent parts of the Sahel zone in the north; the adjacent regions of the Sahara; central and southwestern parts of modern Nigeria; basin of the upper reaches of the river. Lualaba (present-day Shaba province in Zaire); the central and eastern regions of today's Republic of Zimbabwe, the African coast of the Indian Ocean. Archaeological research of the last two decades convincingly shows direct continuity between these ancient civilizations and the civilizations of the African Middle Ages - the great powers of Western Sudan (Ghana, Mali, Songhai), Ife, Benin, Congo, Zimbabwe, the Swahili civilization, etc.
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Examples of ancient civilizations in Africa On the basis of horse breeding (from the first centuries AD - also camel breeding) and oasis agriculture in the Sahara, urban civilizations took shape (the cities of Telgi, Debris, Garama), and Libyan writing arose. On the Mediterranean coast of Africa in the 12th-2nd centuries BC. e. The Phoenician-Carthaginian civilization flourished.
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Since the 3rd century BC. There is an active process of migration of Negroid tribes to the south of the continent, associated with the onset of the desert. The world's largest desert, the Sahara, divides Africa into two unequal parts. In the smaller of them - North Africa - there were Egypt, Carthage and other ancient states. Tropical Africa extends south of the Sahara.
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Napata is a city on the western bank of the Blue Nile, located 400 kilometers north of Khartoum, the modern capital of Sudan. Was founded around 1450 BC. Nubians. After 600 years it became the capital of Kush. After the capital was moved to Meroe, Napata became a religious center. In 24 AD was destroyed by the Romans during the reign of Queen Amanirene. The Romans were commanded by the prefect of Egypt, Gaius Petronius.
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Reconstruction of the Temple of Amun in Jebel Barkal under the pharaohs of the XXV dynasty. Image of the god Amun.
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The Etruscans, who went to the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates, also split into two streams about 4 thousand years ago. One stream of people went to the southern shore of the Black Sea to the region of Cappadocia Pontic (Turkey), and the second stream of people went through Palestine and northern Egypt to the eastern part of Libya to the region of Cyrenaica, near the Mediterranean Sea. Here, 3.8 thousand years ago, they founded their state with its capital in the Kufra oasis (southeast of Libya).
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The Aksumite kingdom arose in the 2nd century. n. e. in the north of modern Ethiopia. In the 4th century. Aksum was ruled by King Ezana. In the V - VI centuries. Christianity became the dominant religion in Axum. The Aksumite state ceased to exist in the 9th – 10th centuries.
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Aksum, Aksumite kingdom is a powerful state that existed in the 2nd - 11th centuries on the territory of modern Ethiopia. The capital of the state was Aksum. The rise of Aksum occurred in the 3rd and 4th centuries. In the 4th century, under King Ezan, Aksum dominated Northeast Africa and the Red Sea, rivaling Byzantium. Since the 6th century, Christianity became the state religion. From the 8th century a period of decline began, and in the first half of the 11th century Aksum fell apart. Under his rule was a huge territory along the Red Sea coast and part of the Arabian Peninsula, including the most beautiful city of that time, Yemen. It was located at the intersection of trade routes from Syria, Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Egypt. The Aksumites traded in gold, ivory, live animals and their skins, aromatic resins, emeralds, and slaves.
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Large incomes from trade (gold, emeralds, ivory, animal skins). Making statues and huge stone obelisks. The ruler is the “king of kings.”
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State of Ghana One of the earliest states that arose in western Africa, created by the Soninke people on the territory of modern Mauritania and Mali. According to legend, Ghana arose at the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 4th century. In 1076, Ghana was defeated by the Berber tribes - Almoravids, who inhabited the Sahara.
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Ghana, a state that existed in the territory. the southern part of modern Mauritania and the western part of the Republic of Mali. According to legend, the state of Ghana (middle-century state) (another name is Auker or Auhar) was formed in the 4th century. The ethnic basis of Ghana (Middle Century state) was made up of Sonike, one of the peoples of the Mande group. The main sectors of the economy were agriculture and cattle breeding; Metal processing has achieved significant development. The capital of Ghana (Middle Century state) - Kumbi-Sale played an important role in the caravan trade in salt and gold, as well as slaves with the countries of North Africa. Almost no information has been preserved about the social structure of Ghana (a middle-century state); it can be assumed that in Ghana (the middle century state) the process of formation of an early class society took place. The heyday of Ghana (Middle Century state) dates back to the 9th - mid-11th centuries. In 1076, Ghana (a medieval state) was briefly conquered by the Almoravids. At the beginning of the 13th century. The rulers of Mali, one of the southern provinces of Ghana (middle century state), extended their power to the entire territory of Ghana (middle century state), forming the state of Mali. The modern state of Ghana is named after the medieval Ghana (mid-century state).
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The state of Monomotapa was formed in the 14th century. In the southeastern part of the African continent, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. In the 17th century the unified state broke up into many small possessions.