Mytishchi water supply system history. The first Mytishchi water supply system. New Mytishchi water supply system

Until the second half of the 18th century, Muscovites took water from numerous rivers, ponds and wells, but as the population grew, water became scarce. Moreover, all waste products, alas, clogged the sources and they became “filthy.” The water quality was terrible. After the plague epidemic of 1771, the issue of water supply to the city became especially acute and on July 28, 1779, Catherine II instructed “Lieutenant General Bauer to carry out water works for the benefit of our capital city of Moscow.”

1. At the behest of the Empress, military engineer Friedrich Wilhelm Bauer in 1778 developed a plan for creating the first Moscow water supply system. According to the original project, 28 key basins were created in Mytishchi to collect groundwater; Gerard added 15 more to them. The Mytishchi springs were famous for their clean and “tasty” water; in addition, they were located outside the city limits on a hill, which simplified the water supply. The water collected in the Mytishchi springs passed through the Thunder Spring and flowed by gravity into the city along a brick gallery 3 feet wide (almost a meter), 4.5 feet (1.4 m) high to the spring and 19 miles long (more than 20 km) and descended to Samotetsky Pond.

Due to the Russian-Turkish War, construction lasted for 26 years and was completed only in 1805, but due to errors in the design, already in 1826-1835 the Catherine water supply system had to be reconstructed. In construction and four!!! Huge amounts of money were invested in reconstruction over 100 years, but water flowed to Moscow. The construction budget amounted to 1 million 700 thousand rubles. The question is whether it was Mytishchi water or groundwater, which ended up in the Mytishchi water supply system, but one way or another it is considered the first Moscow water supply system.

This is all a story, it is simply impossible to tell everything in one post, it is on the Internet. I will show only a small part of the artifacts that can still be seen.

2. Sergey Yartsev became our guide. Thanks to his story, I learned a lot of new things about the Mytishchi gravity water supply system, and heard a point of view that differed from the official one. We started from the Alekseevskaya pumping station behind the Krestovskaya outpost. During the first reconstruction in 1826, the Mytishchi springs were rebuilt, the gallery was repaired, and a water-lifting station was erected in the village of Alekseevskoye, equipped with two 24-horsepower steam pumps. From it, water was supplied through a cast-iron conduit to a specially constructed reservoir in the Sukharev Tower. From the reservoir of the Sukharev Tower, water was distributed through cast iron pipes into five water fountains: on Lubyanskaya and Teatralnaya squares, Voskresensky, Varvarsky and the fountain opposite the Sheremetevskaya hospital.

3. Alekseevskaya pumping station functioned until 1940, after the start of operation of the Eastern Water Pumping Station, repair workshops of the Moscow water supply system were located in its building. Some of the historical buildings of the Alekseevskaya water-lifting station can be seen through the fence with cast-iron gratings along Novoalekseevskaya Street.

4. On the territory of the station there is the Vodopribor plant, which produces water, heat meters and shut-off valves. In 2012, the main facilities of the plant were moved to the Kaluga region, but the territory of the plant is still inaccessible.

5. By order of the Moscow Department of Cultural Heritage dated September 16, 2016 No. 707, the Alekseevskaya pumping station and a number of other buildings were included in the unified state register of cultural heritage sites (historical and cultural monuments) of peoples Russian Federation as an object of cultural heritage of regional significance.

7. Well, how can you not look with your lens into a territory that is closed from the view of outsiders. It's sad, everything is cluttered and abandoned. :(

9. The Rostokinsky aqueduct, 356 meters long with abutments up to 15 meters high, is the only surviving section of the Mytishchi water conduit built under Catherine II, except for the brick gallery hidden from view. The Rostokinsky Aqueduct is also called the Million Bridge because a huge amount of money was spent on its construction.

10. In the mid-2000s, the aqueduct was restored, equipped with railings, a decorative roof and opened for pedestrian access.

11. The Yauza River from the Rostokinsky Aqueduct.

12. Really beautiful building. Back in 1785, Catherine called it the best building in Moscow, “that it looks as light as a feather and is very durable.”

13. Pedestrian bridge over the Yauza 100 meters from the aqueduct. Then we move to Mytishchi near Moscow. For what? Let's look further.

14. In Mytishchi itself, unfortunately, there was nothing left, and since the excursion to the Mytishchi water supply system was organized by the Moscow Brewing Company, we went to visit them.

15. The water that Catherine II found most delicious in the 18th century is used in the production of beer at the MPC, which extracts water from 3 aquifers. These days even the most best water requires preliminary preparation. Its properties are strictly standardized by TI 10-5031536-73-10 "Technological instructions for water treatment for the production of beer and soft drinks." The properties of the water involved in the beer production process affect the pH of the mash, wort and beer, which affects the course of enzymatic processes and, ultimately, the taste and stability of the beer.

16. In the preparation of light beers it is mainly used soft water(water softening process is used). To make dark beer, use harder water so that the hops produce a coarser bitterness and the color of the wort is darker. Alkaline water is completely unsuitable for brewing; water with a slightly acidic or neutral reaction is used.

When brewing beer - unlike making soft drinks - the water must contain calcium salts. The presence of magnesium salts is undesirable, as they impart a bitter taste to beer. There is also no need for excess sodium in the water, which gives beer a sour-salty taste. It is mandatory to remove iron from the water, which roughens the taste of beer. Excess sulfates contribute to giving beer a bitter and dry taste, and excess chlorides slow down its production process.

17. The quality of water is checked in the company’s laboratory before each brewing. And after brewing, the same laboratory checks the quality of the beer. But that is another story.

18. I have written about the production of the Moscow Brewing Company more than once. Therefore, I will not dwell on this, but will quickly go through the workshops of the enterprise. I will only show what was not included in the old posts.

19. Last year, the brewhouse was expanded and 5 more digesters were installed. I haven't seen them yet, that's why they're here :).

20. Rack for personal hygiene of the brewer.

21. Beer filtration shop. Trap filtration after kieselguhr filter. The system allows you not to use a filter press, in which filtration is carried out in a closed housing with minimal losses of carbon dioxide and prevents contact of beer with air, preserving all the taste of the drink.

22. Here already finished product. In Taiwan, many hotels have three taps: hot water, cold water and water from a thermal spring. Well, in Moscow, thermal water could be replaced with beer. Is there anyone against it?

23. Well, a few photos from the bottling shop. In my previous posts it was somehow poorly represented, especially the PET (Polyethylene terephthalate) line, popularly known as “baklashki” :).

24. Applying labels.

26. On the line is an aluminum can and Faxe beer.

28. That's all. All that remains is to try the “Mytishchi water”. Thanks to the organizers

At the end of the 19th century. The center of public self-government in the mother throne was the Moscow City Duma and the Moscow City Council. According to the law, these two structures were headed by the mayor. Under his leadership, members of the Council implemented the decisions of the Duma, drew up cost estimates, and reported on the work of all sectors of the city economy.
M.K. Geppener.
Krestovsky water towers. And it was considerable: road construction, transport, water supply, landscaping, sanitary condition of the city. Large sums were allocated for social programs- public charity, public education and health care. The most striking periods in the history of Moscow self-government are associated with the names of S.M. Tretyakova, N.A. Alekseeva, K.V. Rukavishnikova, V.M. Golitsyna, N.I. Guchkov - after all, the range of problems discussed and issues to be resolved largely depended on the personality of the mayor.

Under the leadership of these people, who left a significant mark on the history of Moscow, the extraordinary talent of the architect Maxim Karlovich Geppener, who worked all his life in the Construction Council of the Moscow City Council, clearly manifested itself. The scope of his activity was mainly the design and architectural design of public utilities - water supply, sewerage, tram network, construction of schools, gymnasiums and other public buildings. Many of the creations of this talented architect have stood the test of time and today continue to decorate our city.

M.K. Geppener.
Sokolniki police house. Maxim Karlovich Geppener was a prominent representative of the so-called “brick style,” which became widespread in Russian architecture at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Despite the fact that this appearance is typical for many ordinary buildings of that time, in his creations M.K. Geppener introduced individual features:

M.K. Geppener.
Machinery building Main
sewage pumping station. his buildings are imbued with a desire to add beauty and sublimity to even utilitarian structures. For example, it is difficult to imagine Moscow without the famous fire tower in Sokolniki. Until relatively recently, the tall, slender tower served as the architectural dominant of Stromynskaya Square. Experts include production buildings and houses for workers of the Main Sewage Pumping Station near the Novospassky Bridge as monuments of industrial architecture. The buildings are decorated with decorative loopholes, voluminous pilasters and arched cornices. But the most large-scale urban planning project of Maxim Karlovich Geppener was his participation in the reconstruction and creation of the most important structures of the Moscow water supply system: Mytishchi (1893) and Moskvoretsky (1903).

Mytishchi - Alekseevskoye village - Krestovskaya outpost

The first centralized water supply system in Moscow, the construction of which began in 1779 by order of Empress Catherine II, not only brought clean water to the city, but also gave it several architectural masterpieces. Initially, at the end of the 18th century, the Mytishchi water supply system was arranged as follows: clean groundwater, passing through sandy layers, was collected from sources in the upper reaches of the Yauza River. Then the water flowed by gravity through pipes (the natural slope of the terrain from Mytishchi to Moscow was used) into the city fountains, from where Muscovites collected it in buckets and barrels.

M.K. Geppener.
The machine building of the Mytishchi pumping station.
Northern and western facades of the machine building.

It seemed that Mytishchi’s water reserves would last for a long time, but the further growth of the city’s population and the rapid development of industry in the late 80s. The 19th century required a significant increase in water supply to Moscow. This problem became more and more acute. Soon funds were allocated from the city budget for the reconstruction of the water supply system: “... In Mytishchi, two miles from the Yaroslavl railway station, a water-lifting station was built. Water rose... from wells laid at a depth of 15 fathoms into the engine building. From here it flowed through pipes into the Alekseevsky reservoir, built at a water-lifting station near the village of Alekseevskoye, two miles from the Krestovskaya outpost. From here, water is pumped into water reservoirs contained in two Krestovsky towers, and from these towers, from a height of 14 fathoms above ground level, water flows by gravity into the city pipe network.” .
ON THE. Alekseev. By the end of the 19th century. all ground-based structures of this technically complex engineering complex (in Mytishchi, in the village of Alekseevskoye, on Krestovskaya Zastava Square) represented a single architectural ensemble, in the design of which they used decorative elements ancient Russian architecture: hipped turrets, figured platbands, “melons” and “flies”. “The facades of the main buildings and detailed architectural drawings for them were developed by the architect M.K. Geppener" .

The reconstruction of the water supply system was carried out during the reign of the city mayor, merchant of the 1st guild Nikolai Aleksandrovich Alekseev. Under him, Moscow grew richer, expanded, and its infrastructure developed. While occupying this post, Nikolai Alexandrovich, like no one else, did a lot for the ancient capital. “This man was not an unquestioning executor of the will of the stateadministration, ensuring their implementation. He saw his tasks much more broadly, and was a true creator and patriot of his native city.”

It was N.A. Alekseev allocated the missing amount from his own funds to complete the reconstruction of the Mytishchi water pipeline:

M.K. Geppener. Krestovsky water towers. The Krestovsky towers were built mainly with his personal money. Built in 1892 on Krestovskaya Zastava Square, at the very beginning of the Yaroslavl Highway, they immediately became a landmark of Moscow at that time. " The outside is partially covered with Tarusa marble... The buildings are occupied mainly by the placement [in the upper tier] of metal tanks filled with water... the remaining floors are occupied by offices (technical and plumbing), an archive room, employee apartments, and a water meter repair shop is located in one of the towers.”. And the mail of the entire Moscow water supply system came here and departed from here. The elegant Krestovsky towers, decorated with white stone “lace,” symbolized the entrance to Moscow from Yaroslavl. Travelers were greeted by the image of St. attached to the openwork bridge. George the Victorious, and those leaving the Mother See were escorted by the icon of the Mother of God “Life-Giving Spring”

M.K. Geppener.
Spare tank
Alekseevskaya pumping station. The opening of the new water supply system was a big event for Moscow. In memory of him, a plaque made of Italian marble with the golden coat of arms of the city of Moscow, the dates 1890-1893 and the inscription was installed in the lobby of the reserve tank of the Alekseevskaya station : “This water pipeline, supplying the city of Moscow with Mytishchi water, was built during the reign of Emperor Alexander III under the Moscow Governor-General Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich thanks to the tireless energy, the care of the Moscow City Mayor Nikolai Alexandrovich Alekseev and the works of the City Public Administration, the highest established Commission chaired by Engineer Ivan Fedorovich Rerberg, chief engineers of the water pipeline builders: Konstantin Gustavovich Dunker, Nikolai Petrovich Zimin, and Alexander Petrovich Zabaev and with the assistance of the architect Maxim Karlovich Geppener " .

The Museum of Water preserves images of invitation cards for this gala event, which took place on August 22, 1893.

Opening Breakfast Menu
new Mytishchi water pipeline.The celebration began with the consecration of water towers at the Krestovskaya outpost... at the end of the prayer service, all participants from the Yaroslavsky station departed for Mytishchi", where in the presence of Moscow Governor A.G. Bulygin, a solemn prayer service with blessing of water took place. Next, the festive events moved to the village of Alekseevskoye. The Governor General took part in the celebrations Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich with Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna and other honored guests.

Despite the fact that after reconstruction the capacity of the Mytishchi water supply system increased significantly, Moscow still did not have enough water. Therefore, at the beginning of the 20th century. city ​​authorities decided to build a new Moskvoretsky water supply system. And if Mytishchinsky took groundwater that had already been purified by nature itself, then the Moskvoretsky water supply system took water directly from the Moscow River 50 versts upstream from the city, in the area of ​​​​the village of Rubleva. Here, at the Rublevskaya water station, it is artificial, using modern technologies, was filtered, after which it was pumped through pipes into a reservoir on Vorobyovy Gory. From here, from the highest outskirts of Moscow, water flowed by gravity into an extensive network of urban water pipes. Maxim Karlovich Geppener again became the architect of the new Moscow utility facility.

Moskvoretsky water supply specialists
near the walls of the Vorobyovsky reservoir. Photo beginning XX century

A photograph of the engineers and builders of the Moskvoretsky water pipeline standing against the background of a memorial plaque erected on the facade of the above-ground pavilion of the Vorobyovsky reservoir has been preserved. The words are carved on it: “ This water pipeline, supplying the city of Moscow with Moskvoretskaya filtered water, was built during the reign of Emperor Nicholas II under the Moscow Governor General Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and under the Moscow mayor Prince Vladimir Mikhailovich Golitsyn through the works of the city Public Administration and the Highest Approved Commission chaired by engineer Ivan Fedorovich Rerberg, chief engineers Nikolai Petrovich Zimin and Konstantin Pavlovich Karelsky, work producers: engineers Ivan Mikhailovich Biryukov, Nikolai Arkadyevich Kuzmin, Alexander Petrovich Zabaev and architect Maxim Karlovich Geppener.” In the rosette above the text was an image of St. George the Victorious (coat of arms of Moscow) with the imperial crown hovering above him.

M.K. Geppener.
Rublevskaya waterworks.
Water intake. It is interesting that the image of this saint, as you remember, decorated the Krestovsky towers. Until 1917, the same icon was also located at the Rublevskaya station, on the facade of the water-lifting building overlooking the Moscow River.

One of the most beautiful places in the city was chosen for the construction of the reservoir on Vorobyovy Gory. At one time, the architect A.L. Vitberg began to build the Cathedral of Christ the Savior here. Participant in the construction of the Moskvoretsky water pipeline, engineer I.M. Biryukov writes in his diary: “When digging a pit for this reservoir, the remains (stove tiles) of the burnt palace of Ivan the Terrible were found, and along the slopes of the Moscow River - parts of the foundation of the Cathedral of the Savior that was supposed to be built.”. If the production buildings of the Mytishchi water supply system and the Rublevskaya station were built of brick, then the Vorobyovsky reservoir was lined with marble and gray granite.

M.K. Geppener.
Pavilion over the Vorobyovsky reservoir. In the journal of the Highest approved Commission for the supervision of the construction of a new water supply system in Moscow dated August 8, 1901, there is the following entry: “ The pavilion above... the cells is designed by architect M.K. Geppener... open... terraces are made above the cells. Before the eyes of those entering there will be a huge outflow of four water conduits supplying 14 million buckets of Moskvoretsk water per day from Rublev. ... The area between the entrance to the reservoir and the [river] slope can be turned into a flower garden, which can be included ... in the general plan for the improvement of Sparrow Hills, as a finished building. A fountain can be placed in this flower garden.”. Looking into the past from today, you never cease to be amazed at how the builders, engineers and architects of that time took their work responsibly - they thought about ensuring that the Vorobyovsky reservoir would not spoil, but would decorate one of the favorite places for Muscovites to hang out!

M.K. Geppener. Krestovsky towers project.
Roof top. Door grille. Transition bridge.

Many buildings built by architect M.K. Geppener, still exist today. Moreover, they often continue to serve people and perform the same functions that were assigned to them more than 100 years ago! This sovereignty can be said about the educational institutions built by this architect. The Moscow water supply system and other public utility facilities, due to the development of scientific and technological progress, have a different fate, but still... One of the oldest water supply systems in our country in Mytishchi continues to operate: it delivers water to Starye Mytishchi, Perlovka, Taininka and other areas cities. In 1903, at the Alekseevskaya water pumping station, the production of water meters from the German company “Mainike” was launched, and since 1938, the “Vodopribor” plant was located on its territory. Just like 100 years ago, the Rublevskaya waterworks continues to regularly supply clean water to the modern metropolis. The Vorobyovsky reservoir has survived to this day - it is located not far from the observation deck. The building of the Sokolniki police station houses the Office of the Main Fire Service of the Eastern Administrative District and Fire Station No. 12.

Since 1896, one of the Krestovsky towers housed the Museum of Moscow Municipal Economy - the predecessor of the modern Museum of Moscow (in 1925 its exhibition was transferred to the premises of the Sukharev Tower, which was also once part of the Mytishchi water supply system), but it was now called the Moscow Communal Museum.

Destruction of the Krestovsky towers.
In the 30s XX century The Yaroslavl highway was expanding towards the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition under construction. This process was hampered by the Krestovsky and Sukharev towers. In 1934, a group of cultural figures, having learned about the intention to demolish the Sukharev Tower in order to widen the roadway, turned to Stalin personally with a request to reverse this decision. The following response came from the “leader of the peoples”: “Tt. Shchusev, Efron, Zholtovsky and others. I received a letter with a proposal not to destroy the Sukharev Tower. The decision to destroy the tower was made at one time by the Government. Personally, I think this decision is correct, believing that the Soviet people will be able to create more majestic and worthy examples of architectural creativity than the Sukharev Tower. I regret that, despite all my respect for you, I do not have the opportunity to provide you with a service in this case. Respecting you (I. Stalin)." It was not possible to save the unique architectural monument of the Peter the Great era from destruction. The same sad fate befell the Krestovsky towers - they were dismantled in 1939.

Elena Vinnichek

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The Mytishchi water supply system is a unique engineering structure. Until the 1950s it was the main source of drinking water in Moscow. In January 2018, I visited here on an excursion. In this article I will talk about what I saw and learned. Of course, this is only a small part of what was seen and heard - the topic is inexhaustible.

* Tour organizer:

For centuries, Muscovites have taken water for their needs from numerous rivers, ponds, and wells. The city grew, sewage was dumped into the water, which is why most of the reservoirs turned into “filthy”. Epidemics broke out from time to time. Residents of the Mother See have repeatedly submitted petitions for the construction of a water pipeline - in vain.

From 1770 to 1772, a terrible plague epidemic raged in Moscow. According to various estimates, from 50 to 100 thousand people died from it. On September 15-17, 1771, the Plague Riot broke out and was suppressed. Thanks to tough measures taken by Count Grigory Orlov, the epidemic was defeated. Remember what I told you about? During the plague epidemic, an infirmary was set up there.

After this, the long-awaited decision was finally made to install a water supply system in Moscow. On June 28, 1779, Empress Catherine II signed a decree on the construction of the first Moscow water supply system. The work was entrusted to engineer Friedrich Wilhelm Bauer.

In the vicinity of the city it was necessary to find a hill from where water could flow by gravity into Moscow. And such a place was discovered: near Mytishchi, lying on the old, busy Yaroslavl road.

Legend has it that during a pilgrimage to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, the empress stopped to rest near the village of Bolshie Mytishchi. There, local residents (or servants) presented the empress with local water. Ekaterina appreciated her taste and asked where she was from. She was told that the water was from the Thunder Spring.

Empress Catherine the Great is the founder of the Moscow water supply system. Bust on the territory of the Mytishchi pumping station - JSC "Vodokanal-Mytishchi"

According to legend, it arose from a lightning strike into the ground. In high-water years, the height of the water gushing from the ground reached three meters! A poem by the poet Nikolai Yazykov is dedicated to this event:

Having dined on a hearty meal,
The city of Moscow, poor in water,
I was tormented by a sultry thirst,
The gods took pity on him.
Above the valley where Mytishchi is,
The blue of the sky has darkened;
Suddenly a thundercloud strikes
It burst into the valley - and the spring boiled
It's rolling - drink, Moscow!

In 1832, a chapel-grotto was built above the Thunder Spring, where the miraculous icon “Life-Giving Spring” was located. Pilgrims who went to the Lavra stopped here to worship the miraculous spring and drink holy water.

Chapel over the Thunder Spring, photo from 1925

Alas, the chapel has not survived to this day; it was destroyed around 1930. On long years the source itself was forgotten. Thanks to the efforts of local historians, it was possible to find the location of the Thunder Spring. There is a project to restore the chapel.

Today there is little that reminds us of the Thunder Spring. There is neither him nor the chapel. Now this is the territory of the Losiny Ostrov National Park. And behind the trees Mytishchi already begins.

The place where the chapel stood above the Thunder Spring

Remains of ancient structures near the Thunder Spring

In the vicinity of the Thunder Spring, the area is swampy, with numerous springs gushing out of the ground.

swampy area

The remains of trenches through which water flowed, collected from wells, have been preserved.

Bridge over the watercourse

The area around Thunder Spring turned out to be suitable for creating a water supply system - above the city level, with large reserves of water. From here they built a system of trenches and galleries to Moscow.

In total, the construction of the Mytishchi water pipeline continued until the end of the 19th century. Its history is divided into several main stages. Attempts were made to use other spring water deposits to create a city water supply network, but they were generally not so successful.

Ekaterininsky water supply

Work on the creation of the first Moscow water supply system, called Catherine's, continued from 1779 to 1804. This duration is explained by a number of political reasons (in particular, the Russian-Turkish war, which absorbed a significant amount of resources) and high cost. After Bauer's death in 1883, the work was continued by Ivan Kondratievich Gerard and Zege von Laurenberg.

In total, 43 key pools were built, from which there was a gravity-flowing brick waterway gallery with a length of 22 versts. Embankments and aqueducts were built over rivers and lowlands. In Moscow, water intake basins were installed - on Trubnaya Square, with a branch to the Kuznetsky Bridge.

On October 28, 1804, during the reign of Alexander I, the grand opening ceremony took place. This date is considered the birthday of the Moscow water supply system.

From the time of the Catherine's water supply system, an elegant one has been preserved, which is clearly visible from Mira Avenue. It was built in 1804, this is the oldest existing bridge in the capital. Its length is 356 meters, the number of arches is 21. In the past, Mytishchi water flowed through it by gravity. Due to its enormous cost, it was popularly nicknamed the “million-dollar bridge”: 1,680,000 rubles were spent on its construction, a gigantic sum at that time. Catherine the Great, who saw the Rostokinsky Aqueduct at the construction stage, considered it the most beautiful structure in Moscow.

Pedestrian covered gallery above the Rostokinsky aqueduct, which appeared during the reconstruction of 2004-2007

According to design calculations, the Ekaterininsky water supply system was supposed to provide 300 thousand buckets* of water per day. However, due to the poor quality of the structures, it produced no more than 40 thousand buckets. The fact is that most of the water supply ran through underground galleries. Water seeped between the bricks, mixed with groundwater and rainwater, and lost its purity and taste.

*1 bucket = 12.3 liters of water

First and second reconstructions

In 1826-1835 it was carried out first reconstruction of the Moscow water pipeline. The work was led by engineer-major general Nikolai Ivanovich Yanish. 7 additional swimming pools were built. The route was straightened, closing the collapsed galleries near Sokolniki and Krasnoye Selo. In the village of Alekseevskoye they built Alekseevskaya water-lifting station, equipped with two 24 hp steam engines. each. Thanks to their use, water could be pumped under pressure and not depend so much on the terrain.

From the Alekseevskaya station water was supplied under pressure to Sukharevskaya Tower in Moscow, where a storage tank of 7000 liters was installed. From there, water flowed into 12 Moscow fountains: on Sukharevskaya Square, Lubyanka, Varvarka, Teatralnaya Square, in the Alexander Garden and others. Water pipelines were installed in the Kremlin, the Orphanage, baths, theaters and similar institutions.

View of the Sukharev Tower. J.-B. Arnoux, 1840s

Water carriers took water from fountains and delivered it to homes. The poor carried heavy barrels themselves. It is this plot that is depicted in the famous painting “Troika” by Vasily Perov.

Vasily Perov. Troika (Apprentice artisans carrying water). 1866. Oil on canvas. 123.5 × 167.5 cm. State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow

Initially, water fountains were a simple pool or bowl. In 1828, it was decided to decorate them artistically. The work was entrusted to the famous sculptor Ivan (Giovanni) Vitali.

Thanks to the reconstruction, the volume of water supplied to Moscow was increased to 180 thousand buckets per day. However, despite all efforts to maintain the water supply in order, the system was wearing out. By 1848, the volume of water had decreased to 100 thousand buckets per day - only a third of the extracted volume of water in Mytishchi.

In 1850-1858 it was carried out second reconstruction. The work was headed by P.V. Maksimov, and after his death in 1853 - by Baron Andrei Ivanovich Delvig. Two 20 hp steam engines were installed in Mytishchi. each. Two new 48 hp steam engines appeared at the Alekseevskaya water pumping station. each. A new cast-iron water pipeline was laid from Mytishchi to Alekseevskaya station. A second tank with a capacity of 7,000 liters was installed at the Sukharevskaya Tower. The number of water collection basins increased to 26, and the total length of the water supply network was 44 miles. The new water supply provided 500 thousand buckets of water per day.

New Mytishchi water supply system

The city grew, and soon the previous capacity was no longer enough. In 1888, the famous Bari company, one of whose employees was an engineer, developed New Mytishchi water pipeline project. By connecting new sources in the Yauza River valley, it was planned to increase the productivity of the water supply system to 3.5 million buckets per day. However, due to the high cost, the project was never implemented.

It was built in 1890-1900 New Mytishchi water supply system, or third stage. The development of the project was entrusted to engineer Nikolai Petrovich Zimin. Almost all the old wells were dismantled, and 50 wells about 30 meters deep were drilled instead. New water pumping stations have appeared in Mytishchi and Alekseevsky. A new line of 600 mm cast iron pipes, in which water flowed under pressure, which made it possible to overcome all uneven terrain. U Krestovskaya outpost To distribute water in Moscow, two water towers with a capacity of 22,750 buckets each were built. Thanks to this, Moscow received a total of 3 million buckets of water every day (1.5 million buckets each from the first and second stages). By 1903, the Mytishchi water supply system supplied Moscow with 4 million buckets of water every day.

Water towers at Krestovskaya Zastava. Demolished in 1939-1940 due to the loss of its functions and reconstruction of Mira Avenue

In the 90s of the 19th century it was rebuilt in the then fashionable pseudo-Russian style.

Alekseevskaya pumping station, Machinery building. Photos of the early 20th century

These days, the Alekseevskaya pumping station is closed to the public; its buildings can only be seen through the fence.

The administrative building of the former Alekseevskaya water pumping station with the chief engineer’s apartment, office and telephone exchange, 1892

In 1892, repair shops were founded at the Alekseevskaya pumping station. After the revolution, they were transformed into the main repair shops of the Moscow water supply system. Today it is located here Moscow foundry and mechanical plant "Vodopribor", which produces water, heat meters and other equipment.

"Vodopribor"

Our excursion group was lucky enough to visit Mytishchi pumping station, now - JSC "Vodokanal-Mytishchi". The complex of buildings in the pseudo-Russian style was built in the 1890s according to the design of the architect Maxim Karlovich Geppener.

Gatehouse, 1890-1893

The territory of the Mytishchi pumping station is a real museum. The buildings from the late 19th century have been preserved here, and you can feel a special atmosphere. However, you cannot get here from the street - only as part of a tour group.

A 19th-century valve installed in honor of the 200th anniversary of the Mytishchi Ekaterininsky water pipeline

On the territory of the Mytishchi pumping station, ancient log houses installed above the wells have been preserved.

Ancient buildings of the Mytishchi pumping station

Near the buildings you can see water tanks covered with old thick glass.

And now we have to enter the holy of holies Mytishchi station: Main water pumping station. The interior of the upper hall really resembles a temple.

A cast iron spiral staircase goes down.

Vacuum pump for pumping air from the suction line. Semns-Schuckept, type LP-216/200, installed in 1920, now a museum exhibit

It's incredible, but all these old devices are working!

After inspecting the Mytishchi pumping station, we went beyond the Vodokanal territory. This is already the grounds of the Losiny Ostrov National Park.

Biological treatment plant building Wastewater, coming from the village of Vodoprovodnaya Station and the Main Water Intake Unit of JSC Vodokanal-Mytishchi, built in 1926

Here is a huge swampy valley of the Yauza River, which appeared as a result of peat mining in the 18th–19th centuries - tract "Yauza wetland complex". Many waterfowl nest here, and a large colony of gulls lives here.

Behind the marsh plants and trees you can see the buildings of the Mytishchi pumping station. From a distance it looks like a castle.

The new quarters of Mytishchi are not far from here. The busy Yaroslavskoye Highway also runs there. The ancient bridge of the New Mytishchi water pipeline, along which cast iron water pipes ran, was thrown across the Yauza.

Of course, we tasted tea from Mytishchi water: in the past it was considered good form to drink tea in Mytishchi.

Moscow water supply in the 20th century

In 1904 it was put into operation Rublevskaya water station, which removed part of the load from the Mytishchi water supply system. However, Moscow still experienced a shortage of drinking water. It was liquidated only in 1937, when it was built, which gave Moscow the long-awaited Volga water. Mytishchi water was supplied to Moscow until the 1950s. Now it supplies Mytishchi and the settlements of the Mytishchi urban district.

Main points of the Mytishchi water supply system

When writing the article, information materials from the museum of JSC Vodokanal-Mytishchi were used. I express my gratitude to our guide Sergei Egorov, the organizer of the excursion - and everyone who was on this excursion!

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Story

For centuries, the Moscow River has been the main source of water supply for residents of the Russian capital. After the development of the manufacturing industry in the 18th century, wastewater from factories began to pollute the water in the river, and it was no longer suitable for use as food. A barrel of water in the city center cost 50 kopecks, which was a high price at that time.

Water pipeline route

Water was diverted from key pools near Bolshie Mytishchi to a brick gallery. Every 200 m, inspection wells were installed on it so that it could be monitored and cleaned. The gallery ran through all of Mytishchi along the left bank of the Yauza, crossed the Ichka and Yauza rivers in the Rostokino area, passed through Sokolniki and Kalanchevskaya Square, and ended at Trubnaya Square, where there was a water fountain. Fountains were also located on Sukharevskaya and Kalanchevskaya squares. A water basin was installed in Bolshie Mytishchi.

Thunder Key

It was from here (key basin No. 1) that the history of the Mytishchi water pipeline began. According to legend, it arose due to a lightning strike into the ground, and then this spring began to flow. The water from it was tasty and healing. The Thunder Spring has served as a place of active pilgrimage for two hundred years.

Second water supply

Over time, only 236 cubic meters began to reach Moscow. m. of water out of 4300. And in 1823, the gallery near Sokolniki collapsed. But some water still came to Moscow, but from Sokolniki Springs.

Third water supply

Current state

The Mytishchi Catherine water supply system has long been forgotten by many; water does not flow through it; sections of the gallery have been excavated here and there. Most of the Mytishchi keys have dried up, but some of them now continue to work as intended. Only the Rostokinsky aqueduct and several surviving water fountains remind of a kind of “monument” to Catherine II. Postcards with images of fountains, aqueducts and water supply stations are exhibited at the Mytishchi Historical and Art Museum, as well as at the Water Museum in Moscow.

Today Mytishchi Vodokanal is a large and dynamically developing municipal enterprise that plays an important role in the life of the city and region.

Vodokanal provides water not only to the city of Mytishchi, but also to the Mytishchi district. About 180 thousand people and more than 1,300 enterprises and organizations use water supply and sewerage services. The volume of supplied water is more than 80 thousand cubic meters per day. The length of water supply networks alone exceeds 270 km.

The structure of Vodokanal includes services for water supply and sewerage networks and structures, a production and technical department, a chemical and bacteriological laboratory for drinking water, as well as a special section for servicing rural areas. settlements. The enterprise operates 40 artesian wells, 20 water intake units, 43 pumping stations, 11 sewerage pumping stations(with a network length of 226 km), 3 treatment plants and a biological wastewater treatment plant.

Today Mytishchi water is one of the best in the Moscow region. Water quality control is carried out by highly qualified specialists and laboratory assistants with extensive experience.

see also

Literature

• Yu. A. Knyazev “The past of the land of Mytishchi. Villages. Events. Destiny."
• M. A. Klychnikova, G. F. Melentyev “Mytishchi and the surrounding area. Mytishchi volost at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries"
• N.P. Zimin. Description of the Mytishchi water pipeline structures: construction period, 1897-1906. Published by the Moscow City Duma, 1908.

The Mytishchi water supply system is the first water supply system in Russia, which was carried out from the city of Mytishchi to Moscow in 1779-1804. Its origin dates back to the time of Empress Catherine II, when the Moscow River was no longer suitable for use, as it was dirty due to wastewater from factories. And one barrel of water then cost 50 kopecks, which was very expensive. All this led to the fact that Catherine 2 issued a decree in 1779 to Lieutenant General F.V. Bauer to build a water supply system in Moscow. In the Yauza valley the terrain was low, and Moscow stood on seven hills.
According to one legend, Bauer and the engineer Gerard came up with the idea of ​​​​building an Aqueduct. According to another legend, Catherine 2, while in Moscow, making a pilgrimage to the Lavra and making a stop in Mytishchi, noticed that there was very good food there. spring water and ordered to take her to Moscow. They also say that the water had a special taste of Thunder Spring, which arose from a lightning strike.
A huge number of people gathered to build the Aqueduct. The commander of the Moscow military garrison, Prince Volkonsky, had to allocate 400 soldiers daily for construction work. In 1783, the construction of the underground gallery was transferred to the divisional quartermaster Login Gerard, and the water work was entrusted to Field Marshal Z.G. Chernyshov, since Bauer died. In 1787, the Russian-Turkish War began, because of which construction stopped for 11 years, and after another 7 years the bridge was completed. In total, it took 25 years to build the bridge before the people cheered “Drink, Moscow.” The white stone bridge itself consists of 21 arches 356 m long, with a conduit carrying a canal 0.9 m wide and 1.2 m high.
On November 28, 1804, Mytishchi water came to Moscow. The water supply was gravity-fed and used the natural slope from Moscow to Mytishchi, on which there were two collapsible pools. The water flowed over a special brick channel and was released for use from a cast-iron reservoir with a diameter of 22 inches through two fountains built along its path and a vertical pipe or “buttress” at the end of the path.
Some time after the opening of the water supply system, an embarrassment occurred: the Mytishchi water flowing through the underground brick water conduit and then through the Rostokinsky aqueduct did not reach the city - water from Sokolniki Keys flowed into the underground galleries. The answer was that the bridge builders hoped that the tree, constantly lying in the water, would not rot, and because of this they built the base of the brick gallery on oak beams. Due to the fact that the gallery took a long time to build, the oak beams rotted, and brickwork sank, and Mytishchi water began to flow away through cracks and gaps. In 1826, the brick gallery completely failed, and the water supply ceased to exist. The repairs took 4 years, and then real Mytishchi water came to Moscow.
The total cost of construction of the first water pipeline in Moscow is 4,183,000 rubles. That’s why they began to call it the millionth bridge,” and the street closest to it in the then village of Bogorodskoye was called Millionnaya.
Currently, the Mytishchi springs have not provided water to Moscow residents for a long time, although the water supply system itself still exists. In Moscow itself, the memory of the first water supply system is preserved by the Rostokinsky aqueduct, which Catherine II in 1785 called the best building in Moscow.

Information sources.